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2014 Vol. 44, No. 12
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2014, 44(12): 1-7.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412001
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper was to observe and analyse the related issues of the application of steel plate reinforced concrete structure in nuclear power engineering，focusing on how to apply the new type of structure to the type of complex projects of high safety importance such as nuclear power plant． The advantages of steel plate reinforced concrete structure were pointed out． This type of structure could improve both of the safety and the reliability of nuclear power engineering，and it was favorable for promoting the standardization and the modularity of the design and the construction of future nuclear power plant and also for the implementation of shorter construction cycle and lower project risk． It was also pointed out the problems，to which attention should be gave attention to and should be solved in the application of steel plate reinforced concrete structure in nuclear power engineering and a series of scientific and technical problems should be solved in the design，construction，testing，quality control and quality assurance．
The purpose of this paper was to observe and analyse the related issues of the application of steel plate reinforced concrete structure in nuclear power engineering，focusing on how to apply the new type of structure to the type of complex projects of high safety importance such as nuclear power plant． The advantages of steel plate reinforced concrete structure were pointed out． This type of structure could improve both of the safety and the reliability of nuclear power engineering，and it was favorable for promoting the standardization and the modularity of the design and the construction of future nuclear power plant and also for the implementation of shorter construction cycle and lower project risk． It was also pointed out the problems，to which attention should be gave attention to and should be solved in the application of steel plate reinforced concrete structure in nuclear power engineering and a series of scientific and technical problems should be solved in the design，construction，testing，quality control and quality assurance．
2014, 44(12): 8-11.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412002
Abstract:
After Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan，National Nuclear Safety Administration ( NNSA) in China issued requirements that nuclear power plants including of operation and construction must carry out Seismic Margin Assessment ( SMA) ． It is certainly difficult to do it by reason of using SMA method in China as the first time． Aiming at the CＲP1000 nuclear plant structure，the article used method of EPＲI to evaluate seismic margin，which included review level earthquake ( ＲLE) selection，site walk-down，and analysis of high confidence of low probability of failure ( HCLPF) value． Which could help well for SMA of nuclear power plants including of operation and construction，and it was also proposed several suggestions on analysis method and possible weak link treatment．
After Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan，National Nuclear Safety Administration ( NNSA) in China issued requirements that nuclear power plants including of operation and construction must carry out Seismic Margin Assessment ( SMA) ． It is certainly difficult to do it by reason of using SMA method in China as the first time． Aiming at the CＲP1000 nuclear plant structure，the article used method of EPＲI to evaluate seismic margin，which included review level earthquake ( ＲLE) selection，site walk-down，and analysis of high confidence of low probability of failure ( HCLPF) value． Which could help well for SMA of nuclear power plants including of operation and construction，and it was also proposed several suggestions on analysis method and possible weak link treatment．
2014, 44(12): 12-16.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412003
Abstract:
By quasi-static testing two sets of specimens of steel-concrete sandwich composite shear wall，including tests of the bearing capacity，deformability，failure mode of the specimens，valuable results were obtained from the tests，such as the typical failure modes， the hysteretic curves，skeleton curves，bearing capacity，ductility，energy dissipation capacity． In addition，it was also analyzed the influence of variations of out-of-plane bending moment on structural mechanical behavior． In conclusion，the failure patterns of specimens under compression and biaxial bending moment were compression-bending failure; and the hysteretic curves of all specimens were not plump， validating that the deformability and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens were general． In other words，the bigger the out-of-plane bending moment，the less the lateral resistance capacity and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens． The specimens’out-of-plane displacement in the plastic region increased significantly，and they had a divergent trend． The bottom section of the specimens could basically meet the plane section assumption．
By quasi-static testing two sets of specimens of steel-concrete sandwich composite shear wall，including tests of the bearing capacity，deformability，failure mode of the specimens，valuable results were obtained from the tests，such as the typical failure modes， the hysteretic curves，skeleton curves，bearing capacity，ductility，energy dissipation capacity． In addition，it was also analyzed the influence of variations of out-of-plane bending moment on structural mechanical behavior． In conclusion，the failure patterns of specimens under compression and biaxial bending moment were compression-bending failure; and the hysteretic curves of all specimens were not plump， validating that the deformability and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens were general． In other words，the bigger the out-of-plane bending moment，the less the lateral resistance capacity and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens． The specimens’out-of-plane displacement in the plastic region increased significantly，and they had a divergent trend． The bottom section of the specimens could basically meet the plane section assumption．
2014, 44(12): 17-21.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412004
Abstract:
It was conducted simply supported single point load-out of plane shear performance tests for five specimens of steel plate reinforced concrete slab，whose shear-span ratio was in the range of 2 ～ 5，and the distance-thickness ratios of steel concrete slab and steel plate were 100 and 150． The test results show that damage in the form of a concrete slab with steel reinforced concrete structure is similar． Spacing of studs has a great impact on the SC board stiffness; With the shear span ratio increases，the shear capacity is decreased，and the specimen damage is a brittle failure; highly when the height of specimen section is increased，the specimen damage is in the form of cut destruction． While using ACI 349 and JEAG 4618 to calculate the bending bearing capacity and shear capacity of the specimen，the calculated and experimental values are in good agreement．
It was conducted simply supported single point load-out of plane shear performance tests for five specimens of steel plate reinforced concrete slab，whose shear-span ratio was in the range of 2 ～ 5，and the distance-thickness ratios of steel concrete slab and steel plate were 100 and 150． The test results show that damage in the form of a concrete slab with steel reinforced concrete structure is similar． Spacing of studs has a great impact on the SC board stiffness; With the shear span ratio increases，the shear capacity is decreased，and the specimen damage is a brittle failure; highly when the height of specimen section is increased，the specimen damage is in the form of cut destruction． While using ACI 349 and JEAG 4618 to calculate the bending bearing capacity and shear capacity of the specimen，the calculated and experimental values are in good agreement．
2014, 44(12): 22-29.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412005
Abstract:
Through external force performance tests of 10 steel-concrete sandwich composite shear wall specimens， the failure characteristics，bearing capacity，stiffness，deformation capacity of each type of specimen under one-way compression and bending loads were studied． Through calculating and comparing of hysteretic curves，skeleton curves，bearing capacity，ductility coefficient and energy dissipation capacity etc of each specimen，the influence on external force performance under shear span ratios，steel ratios，as well as the changes of way of wall structures was analyzed． The studies show that the external deformation capacity of steel-concrete wall specimen is strong enough， and the bearing capacity and deformation capacity of wall are affected by changes of shear-span ratios and steel ratios．
Through external force performance tests of 10 steel-concrete sandwich composite shear wall specimens， the failure characteristics，bearing capacity，stiffness，deformation capacity of each type of specimen under one-way compression and bending loads were studied． Through calculating and comparing of hysteretic curves，skeleton curves，bearing capacity，ductility coefficient and energy dissipation capacity etc of each specimen，the influence on external force performance under shear span ratios，steel ratios，as well as the changes of way of wall structures was analyzed． The studies show that the external deformation capacity of steel-concrete wall specimen is strong enough， and the bearing capacity and deformation capacity of wall are affected by changes of shear-span ratios and steel ratios．
2014, 44(12): 30-35.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412006
Abstract:
The seismic behavior of steel plate reinforced concrete ( SC) shear walls with an opening was studied through low frequency cyclic tests． The effects of opening，reinforcing measures and axial compressive forces were taken into account in the tests． Based on the phenomena observed during the tests and the resulting data，the failure mode and ultimate loading capacity of SC shear walls were obtained． The obtained results were then compared to those of nonlinear finite element modeling of the tests．
The seismic behavior of steel plate reinforced concrete ( SC) shear walls with an opening was studied through low frequency cyclic tests． The effects of opening，reinforcing measures and axial compressive forces were taken into account in the tests． Based on the phenomena observed during the tests and the resulting data，the failure mode and ultimate loading capacity of SC shear walls were obtained． The obtained results were then compared to those of nonlinear finite element modeling of the tests．
2014, 44(12): 36-40.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412007
Abstract:
According to the test information of a static load test on a 1∶ 3 scale specimen of a large-span half-steelconcrete ( HSC) hollow composited plate for the composited roof of a nuclear power plant，a nonlinear finite element model of the composited plate specimen was established using ANSYS finite element software． Through comparison between the load-deformation curves derived from the experimental results and the numerical simulation，it can be illustrated that the model can simulate the HSC plate accurately． The numerical simulation show that during the loading process，micro cracks appeared first on the concrete surface of the lower part of the lateral web plate of the plate． it can be concluded that by means of appropriate shear connection and anchorage length，steel plate and concrete can work together very well and the HSC plate has high capacity and ductility．
According to the test information of a static load test on a 1∶ 3 scale specimen of a large-span half-steelconcrete ( HSC) hollow composited plate for the composited roof of a nuclear power plant，a nonlinear finite element model of the composited plate specimen was established using ANSYS finite element software． Through comparison between the load-deformation curves derived from the experimental results and the numerical simulation，it can be illustrated that the model can simulate the HSC plate accurately． The numerical simulation show that during the loading process，micro cracks appeared first on the concrete surface of the lower part of the lateral web plate of the plate． it can be concluded that by means of appropriate shear connection and anchorage length，steel plate and concrete can work together very well and the HSC plate has high capacity and ductility．
2014, 44(12): 41-43.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412008
Abstract:
In order to discuss the application of isolation technology in nuclear power engineering，isolation design and analysis of an emergency control center building，including expatiation of selection and layout of the isolation bearings，finite element model building and nonlinear dynamic analysis，were carried out． Dynamic characteristics， acceleration response，displacement response of the isolated and non-isolated structure under earthquake action were discussed． The analysis shows that the seismic response of the superstructure can be greatly weakened． The story shear force of isolated structure can be reduced to about 70% compared to non-isolated structure under earthquake action． The isolation effect is so obvious that the seismic margin of the emergency control center can be improved clearly． This technical solution can be employed to protect the emergency control center personnel，equipment and system，enhance the emergency response capacity of nuclear power plant at all．Research results have a certain significance to the application of isolation technology in the field of nuclear power．
In order to discuss the application of isolation technology in nuclear power engineering，isolation design and analysis of an emergency control center building，including expatiation of selection and layout of the isolation bearings，finite element model building and nonlinear dynamic analysis，were carried out． Dynamic characteristics， acceleration response，displacement response of the isolated and non-isolated structure under earthquake action were discussed． The analysis shows that the seismic response of the superstructure can be greatly weakened． The story shear force of isolated structure can be reduced to about 70% compared to non-isolated structure under earthquake action． The isolation effect is so obvious that the seismic margin of the emergency control center can be improved clearly． This technical solution can be employed to protect the emergency control center personnel，equipment and system，enhance the emergency response capacity of nuclear power plant at all．Research results have a certain significance to the application of isolation technology in the field of nuclear power．
2014, 44(12): 48-52.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412009
Abstract:
It was explored the model of protecting and using railway heritage areas to form the organic reproduction by way of using the advanced theory of protecting and using industrial heritages，as well as practice of thinking inspiration，also by generalizing and analyzing the conditions of the railway heritages and their historical context， based on the analysis of the developing conditions of urban economy and culture，urban function and spatial pattern．
It was explored the model of protecting and using railway heritage areas to form the organic reproduction by way of using the advanced theory of protecting and using industrial heritages，as well as practice of thinking inspiration，also by generalizing and analyzing the conditions of the railway heritages and their historical context， based on the analysis of the developing conditions of urban economy and culture，urban function and spatial pattern．
2014, 44(12): 53-56.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412010
Abstract:
In the rejuvenation plan of Nantong Tangzha Industrial Heritage，the planning objective is made it become a traditional handicraft creative industrial district of China． In its first stage of development， as a pioneer demonstration area，it would be conducted a comprehensive renovation of the oil factory and paper mill． Based upon the analysis of current situation of them，this paper proposed the measures for protection and development． First，by placing the function of traditional handicraft creative industry，transformating the function of industrial heritage would be transferred; Second，On the premise of the protection of historical spatial pattern，Through the integration of spatial structure and landscape design or architecture reconstruction，the site planning was finished．
In the rejuvenation plan of Nantong Tangzha Industrial Heritage，the planning objective is made it become a traditional handicraft creative industrial district of China． In its first stage of development， as a pioneer demonstration area，it would be conducted a comprehensive renovation of the oil factory and paper mill． Based upon the analysis of current situation of them，this paper proposed the measures for protection and development． First，by placing the function of traditional handicraft creative industry，transformating the function of industrial heritage would be transferred; Second，On the premise of the protection of historical spatial pattern，Through the integration of spatial structure and landscape design or architecture reconstruction，the site planning was finished．
2014, 44(12): 57-62.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412011
Abstract:
Experimental studies on four shear wall specimens under low-cyclic reversed loading were carried out，in which high-strength rebar with the yield strength of 1 000 MPa were used in boundary embedded columns of reinforced concrete shear walls． The bending bearing capacity，ductility， energy dissipation capacity and the failure characteristics of high-rise shear wall with high-strength rebar were researched． The results showed that compared to ＲC shear wall with normal-strength steel， the bending bearing capacity of specimens with high-strength steel used as longitudinal reinforcement in boundary concealed columns was increased， and the yield and ultimate displacement were improved greatly． Finally， the calculation formula of horizontal bearing capacity of high-strength reinforced concrete shear wall with concealed column was given． The analysis results showed that the calculated values were in good consistent with the experimental data．
Experimental studies on four shear wall specimens under low-cyclic reversed loading were carried out，in which high-strength rebar with the yield strength of 1 000 MPa were used in boundary embedded columns of reinforced concrete shear walls． The bending bearing capacity，ductility， energy dissipation capacity and the failure characteristics of high-rise shear wall with high-strength rebar were researched． The results showed that compared to ＲC shear wall with normal-strength steel， the bending bearing capacity of specimens with high-strength steel used as longitudinal reinforcement in boundary concealed columns was increased， and the yield and ultimate displacement were improved greatly． Finally， the calculation formula of horizontal bearing capacity of high-strength reinforced concrete shear wall with concealed column was given． The analysis results showed that the calculated values were in good consistent with the experimental data．
2014, 44(12): 68-73.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412012
Abstract:
The finite element analysis of masonry structures has always been complex and difficult to ensure its accuracy． To avoid the difference of the stiffness by using the equivalent framework to simplify and analyse the masonry，the single bending deformation adjustment factor α and single shear deformation adjustment factor β were used to adjust the stiffness of the structure，which was verified from theoretical analysis and simulation，showing that the introduction of the adjustment factors was accurate and reasonable to do the nonlinear numerical analysis of the masonry． The result also showed that using shear deformation adjustment factor was superior to bending adjustment factor in precision of simulating．
The finite element analysis of masonry structures has always been complex and difficult to ensure its accuracy． To avoid the difference of the stiffness by using the equivalent framework to simplify and analyse the masonry，the single bending deformation adjustment factor α and single shear deformation adjustment factor β were used to adjust the stiffness of the structure，which was verified from theoretical analysis and simulation，showing that the introduction of the adjustment factors was accurate and reasonable to do the nonlinear numerical analysis of the masonry． The result also showed that using shear deformation adjustment factor was superior to bending adjustment factor in precision of simulating．
2014, 44(12): 74-78.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412013
Abstract:
Under different vertical loads，the low-cycle reversed loading test of 3 pieces of recycled aggregate concrete hollow block walls ＲACHBW specimens with 85% recycled coarse aggregate’s replacement ratio was conducted in this research． The load carrying capacity，damage process，failure characteristics of ＲACHBW were studied ，and also the seismic behaviors，such as hysteretic characteristics，skeleton curve，ductility and ability of energy dissipation，were analyzed． The research result indicates that in the damage process of the low-cycle reversed load， ＲACHBW specimens are similar with natural concrete hollow block walls NCHBW specimens． and that the ＲACHBW specimens has plump hysteresis curves， good ductility， strong energy dissipation capacity and good seismic performance． The conclusion is that this material can be used in real engineering structure．
Under different vertical loads，the low-cycle reversed loading test of 3 pieces of recycled aggregate concrete hollow block walls ＲACHBW specimens with 85% recycled coarse aggregate’s replacement ratio was conducted in this research． The load carrying capacity，damage process，failure characteristics of ＲACHBW were studied ，and also the seismic behaviors，such as hysteretic characteristics，skeleton curve，ductility and ability of energy dissipation，were analyzed． The research result indicates that in the damage process of the low-cycle reversed load， ＲACHBW specimens are similar with natural concrete hollow block walls NCHBW specimens． and that the ＲACHBW specimens has plump hysteresis curves， good ductility， strong energy dissipation capacity and good seismic performance． The conclusion is that this material can be used in real engineering structure．
2014, 44(12): 79-82.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412014
Abstract:
In the conventional displacement finite element methods，the stresses are obtained from a differential operation after the nodal displacements are determined． In order to improve the accuracy of the stress，a first-order multivariable form was proposed to make sure that the order of stresses and displacements should be equal，and the weak form was then derived． Using the finite element method，a two-dimensional elastic problem was solved by firstorder method，and the first-order solutions and the solutions of the conventional displacement finite element method were compared． The numerical results showed that the first-order solution effectively improved the accuracy of the stress while the displacement errors and the stress errors had the same convergence order，which verified the effectiveness of the method and provided a new idea of improving the accuracy for the finite element method．
In the conventional displacement finite element methods，the stresses are obtained from a differential operation after the nodal displacements are determined． In order to improve the accuracy of the stress，a first-order multivariable form was proposed to make sure that the order of stresses and displacements should be equal，and the weak form was then derived． Using the finite element method，a two-dimensional elastic problem was solved by firstorder method，and the first-order solutions and the solutions of the conventional displacement finite element method were compared． The numerical results showed that the first-order solution effectively improved the accuracy of the stress while the displacement errors and the stress errors had the same convergence order，which verified the effectiveness of the method and provided a new idea of improving the accuracy for the finite element method．
2014, 44(12): 88-94.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412015
Abstract:
For an express railway embankment foundation with a thick mud layer underlying a thick top loose sand layer， in order to control only post-construction settlement，which is the best technical and economical treatment method，is still unclear． In this paper，based on in-situ test data of an express railway embankment，numerical simulation was adopt to analyze and compare the improving effect of pre-stressed concrete pipe pile treating both the sand layer and mud layer( PP foundation) ，and jet grouting pile treating only the mud layer ( JP foundation) ． The results showed that because the settlement of the top sand due to compaction was almost completed under construction，the method focused on treating only the mud layer achieved high technical and economical effect． Post-construction settlement of the JP foundation was almost the same as that of PP foundation; JP treating only the mud layer utilized fully the preloading effect of the embankment weight，which made the sand layer became a denser and stable one，while the sand layer still kept loose in the PP foundation，so the JP foundation had higher long-term reliability than the PP foundation under reciprocating load of train; a dense cushion was formed in JP foundation owning to the preloading effect of the embankment weight，which made the top load be carried together by the soil under the cushion and JP，therefore both the length and the stress of the pile were reduced in JP foundation as compared with PP foundation．
For an express railway embankment foundation with a thick mud layer underlying a thick top loose sand layer， in order to control only post-construction settlement，which is the best technical and economical treatment method，is still unclear． In this paper，based on in-situ test data of an express railway embankment，numerical simulation was adopt to analyze and compare the improving effect of pre-stressed concrete pipe pile treating both the sand layer and mud layer( PP foundation) ，and jet grouting pile treating only the mud layer ( JP foundation) ． The results showed that because the settlement of the top sand due to compaction was almost completed under construction，the method focused on treating only the mud layer achieved high technical and economical effect． Post-construction settlement of the JP foundation was almost the same as that of PP foundation; JP treating only the mud layer utilized fully the preloading effect of the embankment weight，which made the sand layer became a denser and stable one，while the sand layer still kept loose in the PP foundation，so the JP foundation had higher long-term reliability than the PP foundation under reciprocating load of train; a dense cushion was formed in JP foundation owning to the preloading effect of the embankment weight，which made the top load be carried together by the soil under the cushion and JP，therefore both the length and the stress of the pile were reduced in JP foundation as compared with PP foundation．
2014, 44(12): 102-108.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412016
Abstract:
In order to make up high performance ceramsite concrete ( HPCC) and be applied in engineering practice， the best mixture ratio of high-strength shale ceramsite concrete ( HSSCC) no less than LC40 is obtained by orthogonal tests based on the indexes of strength and thermal conductivity，then the effects of sand and different fibers on physical-mechanical properties of CC are studied． The test results show that the sand has little effect on strength，but steel fibers have a great deal when added 2%，the compressive strength，splitting strength and flexural strength are all higher than ordinary one． Besides，the axial strength is similar to cube compressive strength，and the elastic modulus is lower，the peak strains and the total strains are larger． In the end，the integration system of insulation building is founded and the economy energy rate is not less than 65% by aseismic check based on the upper test results，including of the physical-mechanical properties，and the supposed several types of structure concretes and outer protective structures．
In order to make up high performance ceramsite concrete ( HPCC) and be applied in engineering practice， the best mixture ratio of high-strength shale ceramsite concrete ( HSSCC) no less than LC40 is obtained by orthogonal tests based on the indexes of strength and thermal conductivity，then the effects of sand and different fibers on physical-mechanical properties of CC are studied． The test results show that the sand has little effect on strength，but steel fibers have a great deal when added 2%，the compressive strength，splitting strength and flexural strength are all higher than ordinary one． Besides，the axial strength is similar to cube compressive strength，and the elastic modulus is lower，the peak strains and the total strains are larger． In the end，the integration system of insulation building is founded and the economy energy rate is not less than 65% by aseismic check based on the upper test results，including of the physical-mechanical properties，and the supposed several types of structure concretes and outer protective structures．
2014, 44(12): 109-112.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412017
Abstract:
Aiming at the design and construction characteristics of self compacting concrete for a steel box girder engineering by optimizing the mix design，mixing with the polycarboxylate superplasticizer，fly ash and slag powder for high fluid mixture，adding internal composite expansion source to compensate for the autogenous and drying shrinkage，a C40 non shrinkage self compacting concrete was prepared，and its technical indexes could meet design requirements． Test research shows that self compacting concrete with compound expansion agent dosage being 12%， the slump expansion can be up to 715 mm，segregation rate is only 3. 5%; and there exist residual expansion until 24 h later by the sealing condition curing． By taking reasonable pouring method and temperature control measures， the construction quality was ensured．
Aiming at the design and construction characteristics of self compacting concrete for a steel box girder engineering by optimizing the mix design，mixing with the polycarboxylate superplasticizer，fly ash and slag powder for high fluid mixture，adding internal composite expansion source to compensate for the autogenous and drying shrinkage，a C40 non shrinkage self compacting concrete was prepared，and its technical indexes could meet design requirements． Test research shows that self compacting concrete with compound expansion agent dosage being 12%， the slump expansion can be up to 715 mm，segregation rate is only 3. 5%; and there exist residual expansion until 24 h later by the sealing condition curing． By taking reasonable pouring method and temperature control measures， the construction quality was ensured．
2014, 44(12): 113-117.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412018
Abstract:
The porous properties of spontaneous combustion gangue aggregate determine its water absorption properties，and the additional water and pre-wetting time have a greater influence on the performance of concrete． Through experimental study on the concrete prepared by two kinds of combined aggregates including the coal gangue sand + natural gravel and natural river sand + spontaneous combustion gangue，it was revealed the influence of change in additional water and pre-wetting time on the workability and hardening strength of concrete mixture． The results show that the concrete mixture can get the large liquidity configuration requirement of the premixed concrete while 60% and 80% additional water is added respectively to the coal gangue sand and the spontaneous combustion gangue． as the additional water of coal gangue sand and spontaneous combustion gangue increasing，the concrete compressive strength and splitting tensile strength are a downward trend at 7 d and 28 d，and the compressive strength decreased largely; as the pre-wetting time of the spontaneous combustion gangue coarse aggregate is longer，its strength growth is better，but when the pre-wetting time is greater than 1 h，the change is very small． While the prewetting time of the coal gangue sand increases，the intensity will show the tendency of decreasing．
The porous properties of spontaneous combustion gangue aggregate determine its water absorption properties，and the additional water and pre-wetting time have a greater influence on the performance of concrete． Through experimental study on the concrete prepared by two kinds of combined aggregates including the coal gangue sand + natural gravel and natural river sand + spontaneous combustion gangue，it was revealed the influence of change in additional water and pre-wetting time on the workability and hardening strength of concrete mixture． The results show that the concrete mixture can get the large liquidity configuration requirement of the premixed concrete while 60% and 80% additional water is added respectively to the coal gangue sand and the spontaneous combustion gangue． as the additional water of coal gangue sand and spontaneous combustion gangue increasing，the concrete compressive strength and splitting tensile strength are a downward trend at 7 d and 28 d，and the compressive strength decreased largely; as the pre-wetting time of the spontaneous combustion gangue coarse aggregate is longer，its strength growth is better，but when the pre-wetting time is greater than 1 h，the change is very small． While the prewetting time of the coal gangue sand increases，the intensity will show the tendency of decreasing．
2014, 44(12): 118-122.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412019
Abstract:
The steel roof of China Expo Exhibition Center C1 zone belongs to a very large structure． It has a large gross floor area and high storey． In order to avoid the aerial work，the main roof trusses were preassembled on the ground and temporary steel supports were set up to lift the segments． In order to ensure the reliability of installation， six tower cranes were set up，of which four on the floor and two on the ground． Through simulation of the whole process of construction，the stress and displacement of components were forecast，which guaranteed the force and deformation of structures to be in a safe state，which provided a strong technical support for rational construction．
The steel roof of China Expo Exhibition Center C1 zone belongs to a very large structure． It has a large gross floor area and high storey． In order to avoid the aerial work，the main roof trusses were preassembled on the ground and temporary steel supports were set up to lift the segments． In order to ensure the reliability of installation， six tower cranes were set up，of which four on the floor and two on the ground． Through simulation of the whole process of construction，the stress and displacement of components were forecast，which guaranteed the force and deformation of structures to be in a safe state，which provided a strong technical support for rational construction．
2014, 44(12): 123-127.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412020
Abstract:
To realize industrialization in residence building， the lateral resisting system must be prefabricated． The steel plate shear wall was one of the selections． Two 1∶ 3 scaled models of steel plate shear walls with horizontal stiffener were tested with monotonic load and low cyclic load respectively． The deformation performance of steel plate shear wall was investigated，and the hysteretic behavior，stiffness degradation，ductility and energy dissipation of the stiffened steel plate shear walls were analyzed． Test results show that the specimens presented high initial stiffness，good energy dissipation capacity and good ductility with the ductility factor greater than 3 and slow degradation of the load-carrying capacity． The elastic-plastic analysis should be used to research on threshold stiffness of tranverse stiffener．
To realize industrialization in residence building， the lateral resisting system must be prefabricated． The steel plate shear wall was one of the selections． Two 1∶ 3 scaled models of steel plate shear walls with horizontal stiffener were tested with monotonic load and low cyclic load respectively． The deformation performance of steel plate shear wall was investigated，and the hysteretic behavior，stiffness degradation，ductility and energy dissipation of the stiffened steel plate shear walls were analyzed． Test results show that the specimens presented high initial stiffness，good energy dissipation capacity and good ductility with the ductility factor greater than 3 and slow degradation of the load-carrying capacity． The elastic-plastic analysis should be used to research on threshold stiffness of tranverse stiffener．
2014, 44(12): 128-131.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412021
Abstract:
The truss beam of new industrial prefabricated high-rise steel structure is different from the traditional one． For the stability calculation，it is needed to separate the truss beam into web member and chord member． And the effective length is used to be a constraint from other parts for the member． The value for the effective length of truss beam web member given by Code for Design of Steel Structures ( GB 50017 － 2003 ) is relatively conservative． According to the four-moment equation which was based on the classical elastic stability theory of framework and related research results，considering the influence of the upper and bottom chords and the joint stiffness on the effective length of web member，this paper can obtain the stability equations of member group in order to calculate the coefficient for effective length of web member． Solving transcendental equation by using the MATLAB programming， coefficient for effective length of truss beam web member tables are proposed for practical design purpose． In view of the inconformity of the actual joint stiffness and calculative joint stiffness，the paper deduces analytical formula of relationship between semi-rigid joint stiffness and joint bending moment to solve the joint stiffness． Therefore the tables will be convenient for the designers to check the corresponding effective length．
The truss beam of new industrial prefabricated high-rise steel structure is different from the traditional one． For the stability calculation，it is needed to separate the truss beam into web member and chord member． And the effective length is used to be a constraint from other parts for the member． The value for the effective length of truss beam web member given by Code for Design of Steel Structures ( GB 50017 － 2003 ) is relatively conservative． According to the four-moment equation which was based on the classical elastic stability theory of framework and related research results，considering the influence of the upper and bottom chords and the joint stiffness on the effective length of web member，this paper can obtain the stability equations of member group in order to calculate the coefficient for effective length of web member． Solving transcendental equation by using the MATLAB programming， coefficient for effective length of truss beam web member tables are proposed for practical design purpose． In view of the inconformity of the actual joint stiffness and calculative joint stiffness，the paper deduces analytical formula of relationship between semi-rigid joint stiffness and joint bending moment to solve the joint stiffness． Therefore the tables will be convenient for the designers to check the corresponding effective length．
2014, 44(12): 132-136.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412022
Abstract:
To investigate the influence of two parameters of cable pretension and diameter，on the seismic behavior of a steel mega frame and cable-braced structure and obtain appropriate values of these two parameters，the Pushover analyses were made for typical steel mega frame and cable-braced structures with different pretensions and diameters of cables． It was examined the effects of different cable pretension and diameter on the failure modes，initial lateral stiffnesses，ultimate loads，top displacements and the base shears at performance points，and maximum inner-story drift angles of the structure，it could be found that the cable pretensions only have a limited impact on the maximum inner-story drift angle，and their influences on other comprehensive performance of the structure could be ignored， and the cable diameter had a small impact on the failure mode when its increment did not exceed 100%，but the cable diameter change had significant effect on the other comprehensive properties．
To investigate the influence of two parameters of cable pretension and diameter，on the seismic behavior of a steel mega frame and cable-braced structure and obtain appropriate values of these two parameters，the Pushover analyses were made for typical steel mega frame and cable-braced structures with different pretensions and diameters of cables． It was examined the effects of different cable pretension and diameter on the failure modes，initial lateral stiffnesses，ultimate loads，top displacements and the base shears at performance points，and maximum inner-story drift angles of the structure，it could be found that the cable pretensions only have a limited impact on the maximum inner-story drift angle，and their influences on other comprehensive performance of the structure could be ignored， and the cable diameter had a small impact on the failure mode when its increment did not exceed 100%，but the cable diameter change had significant effect on the other comprehensive properties．
2014, 44(12): 137-141.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412023
Abstract:
The displacement ductility factor of SRHSC frame columns was studied by the experimental results of 80 C60—C80 column specimens subjected to a constant axial load and cyclic lateral loads． A 4-6-1 BP neural network model was built by using artificial neural network theory based on MATLAB． Furthermore，the influence law and influence mechanism of concrete strength，axial compression ratio，stirrup ratio，shear span ratio on the displacement ductility were investigated by the BP neural network model． The displacement ductility factor calculation model was built based on the influence law of every influencing factor on the displacement ductility． The displacement ductility factor empirical formula considering multiple influencing factors was proposed through multi-variant nonlinear regression analysis on the experimental data and network predicted data，which provided reference for seismic and optimal design for SRHSC frame columns．
The displacement ductility factor of SRHSC frame columns was studied by the experimental results of 80 C60—C80 column specimens subjected to a constant axial load and cyclic lateral loads． A 4-6-1 BP neural network model was built by using artificial neural network theory based on MATLAB． Furthermore，the influence law and influence mechanism of concrete strength，axial compression ratio，stirrup ratio，shear span ratio on the displacement ductility were investigated by the BP neural network model． The displacement ductility factor calculation model was built based on the influence law of every influencing factor on the displacement ductility． The displacement ductility factor empirical formula considering multiple influencing factors was proposed through multi-variant nonlinear regression analysis on the experimental data and network predicted data，which provided reference for seismic and optimal design for SRHSC frame columns．
2014, 44(12): 142-145.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412024
Abstract:
In order to study the sensitivity of the Daqing West Railway Station's cross-layer and heavy-load plane truss structure to initial imperfection，based on the large displacement control theory LDC method，it was put forward static-deformation buckling analysis method to determine the initial imperfection of this truss structure． Using this method，it was also researched the nonlinear stability bearing capacity of plane truss structure under six kinds of initial imperfections，which was compared with the results of consistent imperfect buckling analysis method． It was made clear the geometrical imperfection sensitivity of the plane truss structure． Part of the results was compared with the scale model test results． Ｒesearches showed that geometrical imperfection had smaller influence on the bearing capacity of the structure，but greater influence on the structure deformation and stability． Through comparison and analysis，the static deformation buckling analysis method could be used as an effective method for calculating the bearing capacity of the structure stability．
In order to study the sensitivity of the Daqing West Railway Station's cross-layer and heavy-load plane truss structure to initial imperfection，based on the large displacement control theory LDC method，it was put forward static-deformation buckling analysis method to determine the initial imperfection of this truss structure． Using this method，it was also researched the nonlinear stability bearing capacity of plane truss structure under six kinds of initial imperfections，which was compared with the results of consistent imperfect buckling analysis method． It was made clear the geometrical imperfection sensitivity of the plane truss structure． Part of the results was compared with the scale model test results． Ｒesearches showed that geometrical imperfection had smaller influence on the bearing capacity of the structure，but greater influence on the structure deformation and stability． Through comparison and analysis，the static deformation buckling analysis method could be used as an effective method for calculating the bearing capacity of the structure stability．
2014, 44(12): 146-153.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412025
Abstract:
It was introduced the shortcomings of the structure design method adopted in our country currently and the basic principles of“design value method”in international standards． According to the statistical results and the design value of load and resistance，the implied reliability level of different kinds of structures under the conditions of axial compression were calculated through systematic reliability analysis，which showed that the implied reliability level of design value method is significantly lower than domestic codes and could not be used in structure design of our country directly． Additionally，on the basis of target reliability index of domestic structure design，design value of load and resistance were modified to adapt to domestic structure reliability design．
It was introduced the shortcomings of the structure design method adopted in our country currently and the basic principles of“design value method”in international standards． According to the statistical results and the design value of load and resistance，the implied reliability level of different kinds of structures under the conditions of axial compression were calculated through systematic reliability analysis，which showed that the implied reliability level of design value method is significantly lower than domestic codes and could not be used in structure design of our country directly． Additionally，on the basis of target reliability index of domestic structure design，design value of load and resistance were modified to adapt to domestic structure reliability design．
2014, 44(12): 154-156.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412026
Abstract:
Obvious vibration occurred in the structure of soaking pit house，calculation，vibration test and on-site inspection were carried out for the actual structure，it was found that most of bolts connecting the crane beam upper flange and column and brake structure loosed，leading to the fact that crane horizontal load cannot be transferred effectively． The check on the bearing capacity of the crane beam showed that after the connection between the crane beam and the brake structure loosed the bearing capacity of the crane beam could not meet the requirement，which led to a hidden danger．
Obvious vibration occurred in the structure of soaking pit house，calculation，vibration test and on-site inspection were carried out for the actual structure，it was found that most of bolts connecting the crane beam upper flange and column and brake structure loosed，leading to the fact that crane horizontal load cannot be transferred effectively． The check on the bearing capacity of the crane beam showed that after the connection between the crane beam and the brake structure loosed the bearing capacity of the crane beam could not meet the requirement，which led to a hidden danger．
2014, 44(12): 157-162.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412027
Abstract:
A super-high-rise office building comprises three levels of basement and 57 stories above ground，whose main roof has a height of 296 m． The structural system is the one of steel-concrete frame-core tube with strengthened stories． Programs such as ETABS and PMSAP were used to do elastic analysis and the check on the comfort of the floors under frequent earthquake． The results showed that the period ratio，inter-story drift angle and comfort requirement of the floors could meet the limits of the code． The FEA results of the typical joints of outrigger trusses also showed that the stress in joint zone was smaller than the designed strength of the steel，and without stress concentration． Moreover，program Perform 3D was used to analyze the structure response under rarely occurred earthquake． The result showed that the core tube，frame column，outrigger truss，overall behavior，deformation and energy dissipation of members could all meet the requirements of the code．
A super-high-rise office building comprises three levels of basement and 57 stories above ground，whose main roof has a height of 296 m． The structural system is the one of steel-concrete frame-core tube with strengthened stories． Programs such as ETABS and PMSAP were used to do elastic analysis and the check on the comfort of the floors under frequent earthquake． The results showed that the period ratio，inter-story drift angle and comfort requirement of the floors could meet the limits of the code． The FEA results of the typical joints of outrigger trusses also showed that the stress in joint zone was smaller than the designed strength of the steel，and without stress concentration． Moreover，program Perform 3D was used to analyze the structure response under rarely occurred earthquake． The result showed that the core tube，frame column，outrigger truss，overall behavior，deformation and energy dissipation of members could all meet the requirements of the code．
2014, 44(12): 163-167.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412028
Abstract:
The high-rise frame-core tube structure for Anhui Hotel was chosen as the object structure，which was analyzed and modeled by the structural design software SATWE commonly used in China． The results were checked by the finite element analysis software ETABS， including the dynamic property， deformation and element arrangement． To provide reference for project investment decisions，the structure was optimized and its performance was compared before and after the optimization; it was examined the influences of the exterior column style on the project progress and the economic indicator．
The high-rise frame-core tube structure for Anhui Hotel was chosen as the object structure，which was analyzed and modeled by the structural design software SATWE commonly used in China． The results were checked by the finite element analysis software ETABS， including the dynamic property， deformation and element arrangement． To provide reference for project investment decisions，the structure was optimized and its performance was compared before and after the optimization; it was examined the influences of the exterior column style on the project progress and the economic indicator．
2014, 44(12): 168-170.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412029
Abstract:
A special visual effect will be brought that monomer plant can not be seen if the outer space and architectural environment of the industrial building are considered． Outer space is using fused elements that include the district environment in front of a factory，the green environment，gardening，sculpture，roads ，enclosure wall and waterscape etc． to create an environment of outer space of a complete plant．
A special visual effect will be brought that monomer plant can not be seen if the outer space and architectural environment of the industrial building are considered． Outer space is using fused elements that include the district environment in front of a factory，the green environment，gardening，sculpture，roads ，enclosure wall and waterscape etc． to create an environment of outer space of a complete plant．
2014, 44(12): 171-174.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz2001412030
Abstract:
As the rapid development of urban and rural construction in China，there is also the challenge of increasing resource-consuming and rapid dropping environmental quality． The environmental problem is increasingly outstanding and the air pollution is rising in recent years． Although a lot of work has been done in the energy-saving emission reduction and treating environment，the deterioration of environment has not been inhibited effectively． While focusing on the traffic and industrial air pollution，much attention should be paid to urban planning and construction quality problems． Through strengthening the energy conservation management for the mix-used buildings，the existing and rural buildings，a more complete coverage of building energy-saving could be developed，to reduce energy consumption by urban and rural constructions． The implementation of the national green ecological strategy could improve the urban and rural environment，while achieving the economy development．
As the rapid development of urban and rural construction in China，there is also the challenge of increasing resource-consuming and rapid dropping environmental quality． The environmental problem is increasingly outstanding and the air pollution is rising in recent years． Although a lot of work has been done in the energy-saving emission reduction and treating environment，the deterioration of environment has not been inhibited effectively． While focusing on the traffic and industrial air pollution，much attention should be paid to urban planning and construction quality problems． Through strengthening the energy conservation management for the mix-used buildings，the existing and rural buildings，a more complete coverage of building energy-saving could be developed，to reduce energy consumption by urban and rural constructions． The implementation of the national green ecological strategy could improve the urban and rural environment，while achieving the economy development．
