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2006 Vol. 36, No. 5
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2006, 36(5): 1-4,8.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605001
Abstract:
After two decades' research and engineering practices on concrete structures with large longitudinal length by Prestressed Engineering Institute of Southeast University,some key technical problems concerned by engineers are explained,and corresponding suggestions are given,which can be referred for design.
After two decades' research and engineering practices on concrete structures with large longitudinal length by Prestressed Engineering Institute of Southeast University,some key technical problems concerned by engineers are explained,and corresponding suggestions are given,which can be referred for design.
2006, 36(5): 5-7.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605002
Abstract:
As compared to the cast-in-place concrete structures,the precast concrete ones have some remarkable advantages,such as increasing the constructing speed,lightening the labor intensity of builders,and improving quality of structures,etc.Furthermore,precast concrete structures can afford a selective approach to reduce the deformation cracks of concrete,and thus improve the durability of buildings.The research status of precast concrete structures at home and abroad was indicated.And then a kind of precast concrete frame,whose components are connected by post tensioned prestressing tendons,was introduced in detail.Based on experimental study and theoretical analysis,outline of the design approach of this kind of frame was obtained.
As compared to the cast-in-place concrete structures,the precast concrete ones have some remarkable advantages,such as increasing the constructing speed,lightening the labor intensity of builders,and improving quality of structures,etc.Furthermore,precast concrete structures can afford a selective approach to reduce the deformation cracks of concrete,and thus improve the durability of buildings.The research status of precast concrete structures at home and abroad was indicated.And then a kind of precast concrete frame,whose components are connected by post tensioned prestressing tendons,was introduced in detail.Based on experimental study and theoretical analysis,outline of the design approach of this kind of frame was obtained.
2006, 36(5): 8-12.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605003
Abstract:
Based on research on crack control of the large platform of Nanjing Olympic Center,experiments on elastic modulus,shrinkage,creep of C40 shrinkage compensation concrete were comducted and some conclusions were achieved from results of these long-term tests.Aiming at control of crack of this structure,it was put forward that design of concrete structures with large longitudinal length should be integrated with actural material characteristics and construction process to realize a dynamic design.
Based on research on crack control of the large platform of Nanjing Olympic Center,experiments on elastic modulus,shrinkage,creep of C40 shrinkage compensation concrete were comducted and some conclusions were achieved from results of these long-term tests.Aiming at control of crack of this structure,it was put forward that design of concrete structures with large longitudinal length should be integrated with actural material characteristics and construction process to realize a dynamic design.
2006, 36(5): 13-15,98.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605004
Abstract:
The concrete stress caused by temperature variation and shrinkage is related with the stiffness of the member.When cracks occur on a reinforced concrete beam due to temperature and shrinkage,the axial stiffness will drop,and so will do the internal force.Research into this field is still qualitative so far.The development process of concrete stress under temperature decrease and concrete shrinkage was simulated,and iteration method was used to solve the reduction of internal force and axial stiffness.And some reasonable results were also got,which were worth consulting.
The concrete stress caused by temperature variation and shrinkage is related with the stiffness of the member.When cracks occur on a reinforced concrete beam due to temperature and shrinkage,the axial stiffness will drop,and so will do the internal force.Research into this field is still qualitative so far.The development process of concrete stress under temperature decrease and concrete shrinkage was simulated,and iteration method was used to solve the reduction of internal force and axial stiffness.And some reasonable results were also got,which were worth consulting.
2006, 36(5): 16-19.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605005
Abstract:
Effect of load and indirect load such as shrinkage,creep was often taken into account separately to satisfy the requirement of crack width in reinforcement design of large area prestressed concrete frame structures.It is less than reasonable.Frame beams should be reinforced as members subjected to flexure and axial force.Some effective measures were presented to solve bigger prestress loss of mid span in overlong frame and it is suggested that prestressed reinforcement with curve linetype should be adopted in slabs if possible.
Effect of load and indirect load such as shrinkage,creep was often taken into account separately to satisfy the requirement of crack width in reinforcement design of large area prestressed concrete frame structures.It is less than reasonable.Frame beams should be reinforced as members subjected to flexure and axial force.Some effective measures were presented to solve bigger prestress loss of mid span in overlong frame and it is suggested that prestressed reinforcement with curve linetype should be adopted in slabs if possible.
2006, 36(5): 20-22.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605006
Abstract:
Temperature stress is one of the key problems needed to be solved in concrete frame structures with large longitudinal length.In this paper,the temperature stress in the slab of the frame is divided into two parts.One is averagely distributed,which is caused by the axial forces,while the other is located in a limited region,which is caused by the bending of the columns and the beams. Simplified calculation equations are also provided,and the distribution characters of these two types are analyzed and compared.Numerical example shows the promoted equations are easy to use and have fairly good accuracy.
Temperature stress is one of the key problems needed to be solved in concrete frame structures with large longitudinal length.In this paper,the temperature stress in the slab of the frame is divided into two parts.One is averagely distributed,which is caused by the axial forces,while the other is located in a limited region,which is caused by the bending of the columns and the beams. Simplified calculation equations are also provided,and the distribution characters of these two types are analyzed and compared.Numerical example shows the promoted equations are easy to use and have fairly good accuracy.
RESEARCH ON SEISMIC CAPACITY OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES WITH LARGE LONGITUDINAL LENGTH
2006, 36(5): 23-26.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605007
Abstract:
According to the character of prestressed concrete frame structures(PCFS) under the vertical and lateral load,it is necessary to select the mixed energy dissipation mechanism to design PCFS.The pushover analyses(SAP2000) are used to prove the necessity of the realization of the mixed energy dissipation mechanism in the PCFS with large longitudinal length.
According to the character of prestressed concrete frame structures(PCFS) under the vertical and lateral load,it is necessary to select the mixed energy dissipation mechanism to design PCFS.The pushover analyses(SAP2000) are used to prove the necessity of the realization of the mixed energy dissipation mechanism in the PCFS with large longitudinal length.
2006, 36(5): 27-29,78.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605008
Abstract:
Post-poured strips are often placed to release most of the shrinkage strain for concrete floor structures.The distance between post-poured strips depends on stiffness of supporting structures,shrinkage value and closure time.The later is the closure time,the smaller is the continuous bar area and the greater the width is,the smaller the restraining tensile force in bars of post-poured strip will be.It is advantageous to realize the function of post-poured strip and strengthen its crack resistance.
Post-poured strips are often placed to release most of the shrinkage strain for concrete floor structures.The distance between post-poured strips depends on stiffness of supporting structures,shrinkage value and closure time.The later is the closure time,the smaller is the continuous bar area and the greater the width is,the smaller the restraining tensile force in bars of post-poured strip will be.It is advantageous to realize the function of post-poured strip and strengthen its crack resistance.
2006, 36(5): 30-32.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605009
Abstract:
It is expounded development of construction technology and its dual characteristics,and it also discussed the understanding of special meaning and application principles of modern construction technology in face of scientific development view.
It is expounded development of construction technology and its dual characteristics,and it also discussed the understanding of special meaning and application principles of modern construction technology in face of scientific development view.
2006, 36(5): 33-36.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605010
Abstract:
According to the forms and characters of sloping roof,the theoretic analysis and example comparison of the thermal performance of sloping roof,which was used in the rebuilding,are made.Meanwhile,the construction details and economical analysis are also discussed.Finally,practical thermal design methods and suggestions are drawn from the analysis.
According to the forms and characters of sloping roof,the theoretic analysis and example comparison of the thermal performance of sloping roof,which was used in the rebuilding,are made.Meanwhile,the construction details and economical analysis are also discussed.Finally,practical thermal design methods and suggestions are drawn from the analysis.
2006, 36(5): 37-39.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605011
Abstract:
It is analyzd systematically that the reconstructed forms of flat_roof_to_slope_roof of urban housings in cold areas.The energy-saving techniques of reformed roof,dormer and curtain are also proposed,which will provide experience through use and popularization of the technical reform in the cities of cold areas.
It is analyzd systematically that the reconstructed forms of flat_roof_to_slope_roof of urban housings in cold areas.The energy-saving techniques of reformed roof,dormer and curtain are also proposed,which will provide experience through use and popularization of the technical reform in the cities of cold areas.
2006, 36(5): 40-41,55.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605012
Abstract:
The flat roofs were used for the old buildings,whose indoor thermal environments were very poor due to large volume of energy consumption and leakage of roofs.The reforming plan of flat_roof_to_slope_roof is put forward in order to save energy,solve the problem of leakage,raise living amenity and beautify cities.The construction techniques of this sort of projects were introduced by case histories,and the energy_saving economic benefit of flat_roof_to_slope_roof is also analyzed.
The flat roofs were used for the old buildings,whose indoor thermal environments were very poor due to large volume of energy consumption and leakage of roofs.The reforming plan of flat_roof_to_slope_roof is put forward in order to save energy,solve the problem of leakage,raise living amenity and beautify cities.The construction techniques of this sort of projects were introduced by case histories,and the energy_saving economic benefit of flat_roof_to_slope_roof is also analyzed.
2006, 36(5): 42-45,90.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605013
Abstract:
After nonlinear finite element analysis theory on prestressed concrete frame with T-section column was studied,a method to describe the mechanical feature of a working prestressed concrete frame with T-section column was obtained.And the computer programme was designed with FORTRAN 90.Then the structure feature of prestressed concrete frame with T-section column was analyzed and discussed under various kinds of loadings and with different factors such as column section,span,quantity of steel in column and quantity of prestress steel in beam by plenty of results of calculating with computer.That will do contribution to design.
After nonlinear finite element analysis theory on prestressed concrete frame with T-section column was studied,a method to describe the mechanical feature of a working prestressed concrete frame with T-section column was obtained.And the computer programme was designed with FORTRAN 90.Then the structure feature of prestressed concrete frame with T-section column was analyzed and discussed under various kinds of loadings and with different factors such as column section,span,quantity of steel in column and quantity of prestress steel in beam by plenty of results of calculating with computer.That will do contribution to design.
2006, 36(5): 46-49,32.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605014
Abstract:
One of the major aims of structural design is the safety of structure. In order to ensure the reliability of structure,the influence of the structural design quality on the safety of structure and the contribution of the structural design on the safety of structure should be researched.For designer,how to decide the proper safety level? The designer must follow the design codes and pay more attention to the practice,and must be meticulous in design and reduce the effect of human error on safety requirements whenever it's possible so as to meet the owner and user's interests.
One of the major aims of structural design is the safety of structure. In order to ensure the reliability of structure,the influence of the structural design quality on the safety of structure and the contribution of the structural design on the safety of structure should be researched.For designer,how to decide the proper safety level? The designer must follow the design codes and pay more attention to the practice,and must be meticulous in design and reduce the effect of human error on safety requirements whenever it's possible so as to meet the owner and user's interests.
2006, 36(5): 50-55.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605015
Abstract:
The new code for structure design has been used in engineering designs for many years.How to comprehend correctly the articles of the new code,select a design software correctly,and select rationally design parameters are particularly important for a designer in the design of building structures.The new functions of PKPM software and matters needing attention are described according to the learning of the new code.
The new code for structure design has been used in engineering designs for many years.How to comprehend correctly the articles of the new code,select a design software correctly,and select rationally design parameters are particularly important for a designer in the design of building structures.The new functions of PKPM software and matters needing attention are described according to the learning of the new code.
2006, 36(5): 56-58,101.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605016
Abstract:
Based on the compressive experiment with the Yellow River silt bearing cellular bricking structures,it is analyzed their unitary deformation performance and systematically studied their stress-strain curve,destructive process and characters,etc.,so as to lay a foundation for the wide use of the Yellow River silt bearing cellular bricking structures instead of solid clay ones.
Based on the compressive experiment with the Yellow River silt bearing cellular bricking structures,it is analyzed their unitary deformation performance and systematically studied their stress-strain curve,destructive process and characters,etc.,so as to lay a foundation for the wide use of the Yellow River silt bearing cellular bricking structures instead of solid clay ones.
2006, 36(5): 59-64.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605017
Abstract:
The installed pile often has a certain degree of inclination.This will affect the vertical load capacity.It is analyzed the pile's curvature of assumption and in situ data.Based on the theory of curved beam,the bent pile is analyzed,and the equations of equilibrium and physics are built.Further,it is given the deflection and moment of the bent pile.Some conclusions are obtained.The residual stress in bent pile can be ignored.The curvature of batter pile has important influence on additional moment to bent pile under vertical load on top.When the radius of curvature on the upper segment of pile is small,the additional moment can not be ignored.
The installed pile often has a certain degree of inclination.This will affect the vertical load capacity.It is analyzed the pile's curvature of assumption and in situ data.Based on the theory of curved beam,the bent pile is analyzed,and the equations of equilibrium and physics are built.Further,it is given the deflection and moment of the bent pile.Some conclusions are obtained.The residual stress in bent pile can be ignored.The curvature of batter pile has important influence on additional moment to bent pile under vertical load on top.When the radius of curvature on the upper segment of pile is small,the additional moment can not be ignored.
2006, 36(5): 65-70.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605018
Abstract:
Based on the elastic theory and the overlapped-form strain mode of the soil surrounding a pile,an analytical solution for the load-displacement relationship of cast-in-situ DX pile is presented.The proposed solution can reflect the influence of the deformation of pile and non-homogeneity of soils' modulus along the depth in load-displacement relationship.The comparison with FEM analysis and full-scale test results showed that the analytical solution can well predict the displacement of pullout DX pile.The solution is simple and convenient,and can be used as a practical reference to the design of pullout DX pile.
Based on the elastic theory and the overlapped-form strain mode of the soil surrounding a pile,an analytical solution for the load-displacement relationship of cast-in-situ DX pile is presented.The proposed solution can reflect the influence of the deformation of pile and non-homogeneity of soils' modulus along the depth in load-displacement relationship.The comparison with FEM analysis and full-scale test results showed that the analytical solution can well predict the displacement of pullout DX pile.The solution is simple and convenient,and can be used as a practical reference to the design of pullout DX pile.
2006, 36(5): 71-73,39.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605019
Abstract:
Through laboratory tests on sandy pebble soil by using the dynamic triaxial test,researches of saturated sandy pebble soil have been done.It was analyzed the rule of the dynamic characters of sandy pebble soil under different confining pressure,consolidation ratio and vibration frequency.The result shows that the dynamic modulus of sandy pebble soil reduces nonlinearly with the accretion of dynamic strain,but increases with consolidation ratio,and affected little by the vibration frequency.In addition,the research also makes it clear that damping ratio markedly rises with the augmentation of dynamic strain,and falls as the enhance of confining pressure or consolidation ratio.
Through laboratory tests on sandy pebble soil by using the dynamic triaxial test,researches of saturated sandy pebble soil have been done.It was analyzed the rule of the dynamic characters of sandy pebble soil under different confining pressure,consolidation ratio and vibration frequency.The result shows that the dynamic modulus of sandy pebble soil reduces nonlinearly with the accretion of dynamic strain,but increases with consolidation ratio,and affected little by the vibration frequency.In addition,the research also makes it clear that damping ratio markedly rises with the augmentation of dynamic strain,and falls as the enhance of confining pressure or consolidation ratio.
2006, 36(5): 74-78.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605020
Abstract:
Considering construction steps,to every step,nonlinear equations are proposed according to the compatibility of deformation of the intersection point between soil anchors and earth-retaining pile wall.Multinomial fitting of P-s curve are figured out with the method of the least squares,then the nonlinear regression function is gained,which is put into the nonlinear equations and solved through fixed point iterative program.The force and displacement of every construction step can be obtained.By summation of the displacements of the same point for different construction steps,the eventual displacement can be got.
Considering construction steps,to every step,nonlinear equations are proposed according to the compatibility of deformation of the intersection point between soil anchors and earth-retaining pile wall.Multinomial fitting of P-s curve are figured out with the method of the least squares,then the nonlinear regression function is gained,which is put into the nonlinear equations and solved through fixed point iterative program.The force and displacement of every construction step can be obtained.By summation of the displacements of the same point for different construction steps,the eventual displacement can be got.
2006, 36(5): 79-82,94.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605021
Abstract:
The effect of cutting radius on steel reduced web connection is analyzed considering both the moment and shearing force.The result got from theory analysis is confirmed right through non-linear finite element analysis and the theory is believed effective to estimate the moment resisting ability of steel beam section. Then the influence between the distance from column and cutting radius are analyzed.It is instructive for designing such reduced web connection.
The effect of cutting radius on steel reduced web connection is analyzed considering both the moment and shearing force.The result got from theory analysis is confirmed right through non-linear finite element analysis and the theory is believed effective to estimate the moment resisting ability of steel beam section. Then the influence between the distance from column and cutting radius are analyzed.It is instructive for designing such reduced web connection.
2006, 36(5): 83-86,122.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605022
Abstract:
Cable-supported lattice shells are the reasonable and novel type of long-span hybrid spatial structures consisted of single-layer spherical lattice shells and tensegrity systems got rid of cables located at the upper layer.Based on the variation with the structural and geometric parameters for a real engineering,dynamic characteristics for a cable-supported lattice shell is studied with the block Lanczos method by means of the finite element model combined with beam elements,truss elements and cable elements.The results are valuable in view of the dynamic response research on seismic and wind vibration and the engineering design of cable-supported lattice shells.
Cable-supported lattice shells are the reasonable and novel type of long-span hybrid spatial structures consisted of single-layer spherical lattice shells and tensegrity systems got rid of cables located at the upper layer.Based on the variation with the structural and geometric parameters for a real engineering,dynamic characteristics for a cable-supported lattice shell is studied with the block Lanczos method by means of the finite element model combined with beam elements,truss elements and cable elements.The results are valuable in view of the dynamic response research on seismic and wind vibration and the engineering design of cable-supported lattice shells.
2006, 36(5): 87-90.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605023
Abstract:
An approach to the ultimate load analysis of the concrete-filled steel tube T shaped columns is presented.Based on the calculation mode of stress-strain relation growing according to exponential rule for the composite materials,calculation formula of elastic-plastic bearing capacity is deduced,and the influence of sectional dimension is analyzed by the formula.Finally,a numerical example confirms the correctness and validity of the proposed computation formula.
An approach to the ultimate load analysis of the concrete-filled steel tube T shaped columns is presented.Based on the calculation mode of stress-strain relation growing according to exponential rule for the composite materials,calculation formula of elastic-plastic bearing capacity is deduced,and the influence of sectional dimension is analyzed by the formula.Finally,a numerical example confirms the correctness and validity of the proposed computation formula.
2006, 36(5): 91-94.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605024
Abstract:
An official building is a five floors RC frame structure.Because of the change in architecture functions,a new floor will be added.The added structure is prestressed cable structure.The prestressed cable structure is accounted briefly first,then its different construction periods are simulated by the FEM software.The structural deformation and stress due to different load cases are calculated,so the initial cable stress can be determined.To study this type of structure,one prestressed cable structure is tested for the construction period.Finally,the construction technology of prestressed cable structure is accounted,including the cable prestressing technology,stress monitoring technology.And also the specific equipment for prestressing technology may be a reference for other similar projects.
An official building is a five floors RC frame structure.Because of the change in architecture functions,a new floor will be added.The added structure is prestressed cable structure.The prestressed cable structure is accounted briefly first,then its different construction periods are simulated by the FEM software.The structural deformation and stress due to different load cases are calculated,so the initial cable stress can be determined.To study this type of structure,one prestressed cable structure is tested for the construction period.Finally,the construction technology of prestressed cable structure is accounted,including the cable prestressing technology,stress monitoring technology.And also the specific equipment for prestressing technology may be a reference for other similar projects.
2006, 36(5): 95-98.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605025
Abstract:
The three codes design formulas and their theoretical basis of concrete-filled steel tubular columns under eccentric load are presented.Fifty-one concrete-filled steel tubular columns are cited as examples from reference one.When the eccentricity and slenderness ratio are changed.respectively,according to the parameters of tests cited,using the three codes design formulas,ultimate carrying capacity of columns are calculated and compared with the test results.For the ultimate carrying capacity,Code for Design of Steel-Concrete Composite Structure(DL/T 5085-1999) is relatively conservative,but for the degree of agreerment of codes with tests,Code for Design and Construction of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Structures(CECS 28:90) is relatively better.
The three codes design formulas and their theoretical basis of concrete-filled steel tubular columns under eccentric load are presented.Fifty-one concrete-filled steel tubular columns are cited as examples from reference one.When the eccentricity and slenderness ratio are changed.respectively,according to the parameters of tests cited,using the three codes design formulas,ultimate carrying capacity of columns are calculated and compared with the test results.For the ultimate carrying capacity,Code for Design of Steel-Concrete Composite Structure(DL/T 5085-1999) is relatively conservative,but for the degree of agreerment of codes with tests,Code for Design and Construction of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Structures(CECS 28:90) is relatively better.
2006, 36(5): 99-101.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605026
Abstract:
Different saftenings and subsidences appeared on the foundations of most of ancient main halls as time went on,by which a good many problems were produced for the protections of main halls.Through the practical field investigation,a good plan for solving the problems of the main halls can be designed using building integrally jack-up technique that can reinforce the main halls and jack-up them in-situ without destroying their former structures.
Different saftenings and subsidences appeared on the foundations of most of ancient main halls as time went on,by which a good many problems were produced for the protections of main halls.Through the practical field investigation,a good plan for solving the problems of the main halls can be designed using building integrally jack-up technique that can reinforce the main halls and jack-up them in-situ without destroying their former structures.
SEISMIC INSPECTION AND EVALUATION OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CAPABILITY FOR NANJING WUTAISHAN GYMNASIUM
2006, 36(5): 102-104,19.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605027
Abstract:
The destruction and collapse of buildings are one of the main parts of the earthquake damage.Seismic evaluation of buildings in service without seismic design could be done,and seismic fortification measures to the insufficiency should been adopted,which was the important approach to reduce earthquake disaster.The seismic inspection and evaluation of earthquake resistant capability for Nanjing Wutaishan Gymnasium were briefly introduced.The characteristic,details of seismic design and load-carrying capacity of original structure were considered,besides,site inspection and structural analysis were taken into account.And then the integrate evaluation was also given to offer a basis for structure alteration or retrofitting.
The destruction and collapse of buildings are one of the main parts of the earthquake damage.Seismic evaluation of buildings in service without seismic design could be done,and seismic fortification measures to the insufficiency should been adopted,which was the important approach to reduce earthquake disaster.The seismic inspection and evaluation of earthquake resistant capability for Nanjing Wutaishan Gymnasium were briefly introduced.The characteristic,details of seismic design and load-carrying capacity of original structure were considered,besides,site inspection and structural analysis were taken into account.And then the integrate evaluation was also given to offer a basis for structure alteration or retrofitting.
2006, 36(5): 105-107.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605028
Abstract:
Characteristics of crackings on communal buildings in auriferous exploitation areas are investigated and analysed,the reason and prevention and cure of crackings on communal buildings are studied.The crackings on buildings in research areas are the result of multi-factors comprehensive action,buildings open fissure relation to the geological environment condition of the research area,such as regional stability,hydrogeologic condition,engineering geological condition,structure of building,exploitation shaking of gold ore,etc.
Characteristics of crackings on communal buildings in auriferous exploitation areas are investigated and analysed,the reason and prevention and cure of crackings on communal buildings are studied.The crackings on buildings in research areas are the result of multi-factors comprehensive action,buildings open fissure relation to the geological environment condition of the research area,such as regional stability,hydrogeologic condition,engineering geological condition,structure of building,exploitation shaking of gold ore,etc.
2006, 36(5): 108-110.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz200605029
Abstract:
The reform of ordinary old buildings is the replacement or perfection of the original use functions of the old buildings;the cycling and continuing of life cycle of old buildings can be realized by the reform.Excellent economic and social benefits can also be obtained through the reform of larger quantity of ordinary old buildings.Two kinds of reform designs,where the internal space and external image are emphasized respectively,are expounded by reforming three ordinary old buildings.
The reform of ordinary old buildings is the replacement or perfection of the original use functions of the old buildings;the cycling and continuing of life cycle of old buildings can be realized by the reform.Excellent economic and social benefits can also be obtained through the reform of larger quantity of ordinary old buildings.Two kinds of reform designs,where the internal space and external image are emphasized respectively,are expounded by reforming three ordinary old buildings.
