Research Progress on Seismic Resilience of Hospitals

SUN Zhi; PEI Shunshun; ZHAI Changhai; YU Peng

doi:10.3724/j.gyjzG23121431

Volume 54 Issue 2

Feb. 2024

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION > 2024 > 54(2): 106-116

SUN Zhi, PEI Shunshun, ZHAI Changhai, YU Peng. Research Progress on Seismic Resilience of Hospitals[J]. INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION, 2024, 54(2): 106-116. doi: 10.3724/j.gyjzG23121431

Citation:

SUN Zhi, PEI Shunshun, ZHAI Changhai, YU Peng. Research Progress on Seismic Resilience of Hospitals[J]. INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION, 2024, 54(2): 106-116. doi: 10.3724/j.gyjzG23121431

SUN Zhi, PEI Shunshun, ZHAI Changhai, YU Peng. Research Progress on Seismic Resilience of Hospitals[J]. INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION, 2024, 54(2): 106-116. doi: 10.3724/j.gyjzG23121431

Citation:

SUN Zhi, PEI Shunshun, ZHAI Changhai, YU Peng. Research Progress on Seismic Resilience of Hospitals[J]. INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION, 2024, 54(2): 106-116. doi: 10.3724/j.gyjzG23121431

PDF( 1305 KB)

Research Progress on Seismic Resilience of Hospitals

doi: 10.3724/j.gyjzG23121431

1. Research Institute of Standards and Norms Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Beijing 100835, China;
2. Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China

Received Date: 2023-12-14
Available Online: 2024-04-23

Abstract

Abstract

After disasters, especially earthquakes, the vulnerability of hospitals becomes increasingly evident, and the resilience of hospitals plays a crucial role in disaster prevention, mitigation, adaptation, and recovery in seismic areas. The research on seismic resilience of hospitals is not limited to the structural safety of hospitals, but focus more on the seismic performance of non-structural componentsand medical equipment within hospitals, as well as quantification and rapidly recover of hospital functions after earthquakes. The paper explored the connotation, theoretical framework, and modeling methods of hospital resilience from engineering dimension. By reviewing the progress of hospital resilience research at home and abroadd, the connections and distinctions among relevant concepts of hospital resilience were analyzed, and qualitative and quantitative methods for assessing hospital resilience were summarized. Finally, the paper provided an outlook on future directions and research points in light of the limitations of existing research.
- hospital,
- seismic resilience,
- functionality assessment

FullText(HTML)

References(130)

References

[1]	唐海达.后疫情时代的低碳韧性医院设计[J].建筑技术, 2022, 53(12):1756-1758.
[2]	秦靖,韩彩欣.医院韧性研究进展[J].中国医疗管理科学, 2023, 13(6):21-25.
[3]	SINGER A J, THODE JR H C, VICCELLIO P, et al. The association between length of emergency department boarding and mortality[J]. Academic Emergency Medicine, 2011, 18(12):1324-1329.
[4]	ACHOUR N, MIYAJIM M, KITAURA M, et al. Earthquake-Induced Structural and Nonstructural Damage in Hospitals[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2011, 27(3):617-634.
[5]	ACHOUR N, MIYAJIMA M. Post-earthquake hospital functionality evaluation:The case of Kumamoto Earthquake 2016[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2020, 36(4):1670-1694.
[6]	ACHOUR N, MIYAJIMA M, PASCALE F, et al. Hospital resilience to natural hazards:classification and performance of utilities[J]. Disaster Prevention and Management:an International Journal, 2014, 23(1):40-52.
[7]	KALAJA R, MYSHKETA R, SCALERA F. Service quality assessment in health care sector:the case of durres public hospital[J]. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2016, 235:557-565.
[8]	JACQUES C C, MCINTOSH J, GIOVINAZZI S, et al. Resilience of the canterbury hospital system to the 2011 Christchurch Earthquake[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2014, 30(1):533-554.
[9]	YI P, GEORGE S K, PAUL J A, et al. Hospital capacity planning for disaster emergency management[J]. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 2010, 44(3):151-160.
[10]	CIMELLARO G P, REINHORN A M, BRUNEAU M. Performance-based metamodel for healthcare facilities[J]. Earthquake Engineering&Structural Dynamics, 2011, 40(11):1197-1217.
[11]	CIMELLARO G P, MALAVISI M, MAHIN S. Using discrete event simulation models to evaluate resilience of an emergency department[J]. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2016, 21(2):203-226.
[12]	REHAK D. Assessing and strengthening organisational resilience in a critical infrastructure system:Case study of the Slovak Republic[J/OL]. Safety Science, 2020, 123[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104573.
[13]	BRUNEAU M, CHANG S E, EGUCHI R T, et al. A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2003, 19(4):733-752.
[14]	ZHAI C, ZHAO Y, WEN W, et al. A novel urban seismic resilience assessment method considering the weighting of post-earthquake loss and recovery time[J/OL]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2023, 84[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103453.
[15]	BRUNEAU M, REINHORN A. Exploring the concept of seismic resilience for acute care facilities[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2007, 23(1):41-62.
[16]	ZHONG S, CLARK M, HOU X Y, et al. Development of hospital disaster resilience:conceptual framework and potential measurement[J]. Emergency Medicine Journal, 2014, 31(11):930-938.
[17]	VUGRIN E D, VERZI S J, FINLEY P D, et al. Modeling Hospitals'Adaptive Capacity during a Loss of Infrastructure Services[J]. Healthcare Engineering, 2015, 6(1):85-120.
[18]	OLU O. Resilient health system as conceptual framework for strengthening public health disaster risk management:an african viewpoint[J/OL]. Front Public Health, 2017, 5[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00263.
[19]	SHAHVERDI B, TARIVERDI M, MILLER-HOOKS E. Assessing hospital system resilience to disaster events involving physical damage and demand surge[J/OL]. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 2020, 70[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2019.07.005.
[20]	WIIG S, AASE K, BILLETT S, et al. Defining the boundaries and operational concepts of resilience in the resilience in healthcare research program[J/OL]. BMC Health Services Research, BMC Health Serv Res 2020, 20:1-9[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05224-3.
[21]	MOITINHO DE ALMEIDA M, VAN LOENHOUT J A F, SINGH THAPA S, et al. Hospital resilience after the 2015 earthquake in nepal:results from semi-structured interviews with hospital staff[J/OL]. Front Public Health, 2021, 9[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.602509:602509.
[22]	OSORIO J, MADRAZO Z, VIDELA S, et al. Use of failure-to-rescue after emergency surgery as a dynamic indicator of hospital resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic:a multicenter retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study[J/OL]. International Journal of Surgery, 2022, 106[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106890.
[23]	BARASA E W, CLOETE K, GILSON L. From bouncing back, to nurturing emergence:reframing the concept of resilience in health systems strengthening[J]. Health Policy and Planning, Health Policy Planning 2017, 32(S 3):91-94.
[24]	KRUK M E, MYERS M, VARPILAH S T, et al. What is a resilient health system?Lessons from Ebola[J]. Lancet, 2015, 385(9980):1910-1912.
[25]	BLANCHET K, NAM S L, RAMALINGAM B, et al. Governance and capacity to manage resilience of health systems:towards a new conceptual framework[J]. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, Int J Health Policy Manag, 2017, 6(8):431-435.
[26]	ANDERSON J E, AASE K, BAL R, et al. Multilevel influences on resilient healthcare in six countries:an international comparative study protocol[J/OL]. BMJ Open, 2020, 10(12)[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039158.:e039158.
[27]	BAXTER D, CASADY C B. Proactive and strategic healthcare public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the coronavirus (COVID-19) epoch[J]. Sustainability, 2020, 12(12):5097-5114. BAXTER D, CASADY C B. Proactive and strategic healthcare public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the coronavirus (Covid-19) epoch[J]. Sustainability, 2020, 12(12):5097-5114.
[28]	宁宁,吴群红,孙宏,等.卫生系统韧性研究概况及其展望[J].中国预防医学杂志, 2018, 19(11):869-870.
[28]	宁宁,吴群红,孙宏,等.卫生系统韧性研究概况及其展望[J].中国预防医学杂志, 2018, 19(11):869-870.
[29]	张进,陈宏,刘国栋,等.公立医院的组织韧性:一个概念框架[J].中国医院管理, 2019, 39(9):1-3.
[29]	张进,陈宏,刘国栋,等.公立医院的组织韧性:一个概念框架[J].中国医院管理, 2019, 39(9):1-3.
[30]	马亚,龚伟伟,申俊龙,等.突发公共卫生事件中医院韧性作用机制和建设策略研究[J].卫生软科学, 2023, 37(2):14-17.
[30]	马亚,龚伟伟,申俊龙,等.突发公共卫生事件中医院韧性作用机制和建设策略研究[J].卫生软科学, 2023, 37(2):14-17.
[31]	PEI S S, ZHAI C H, WANG Z Q, et al. Resilience assessment of the interdependent transportation-healthcare system during emergency response[J]. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, Struct Infrastruct Eng 2022:1-15.
[31]	PEI S S, ZHAI C H, WANG Z Q, et al. Resilience assessment of the interdependent transportation-healthcare system during emergency response[J]. Struct Infrastruct Eng, 2022:1-15.
[32]	PEI S S, ZHAI C H, WEN W P, et al. A dynamic patients dispatch and treatment model for resilience evaluation of interdependent transportation-healthcare system[J]. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023:1-26.
[32]	PEI S S, ZHAI C H, WEN W P, et al. A dynamic patients dispatch and treatment model for resilience evaluation of interdependent transportation-healthcare system[J]. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023:1-26.
[33]	FEMA. Multi-hazard loss estimation methodology, earthquake mode:Hazus-MH 2.1:Technical manual[S]. Washington, DC:FEMA, 2013.
[34]	中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部标准定额研究所.建筑抗震韧性评价标准:GB/T 38591-2020[S].国家标准化管理委员会,北京:中国标准出版社, 2020:68.
[35]	中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.建筑抗震设计规范:GB 50011-2010[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2010.
[36]	SATO E, FURUKAWA S, KAKEHI A, et al. Full-scale shaking table test for examination of safety and functionality of base-isolated medical facilities[J]. Earthquake Engineering&Structural Dynamics, 2011, 40(13):1435-1453.
[37]	SHI Y, KURATA M, NAKASHIMA M. Disorder and damage of base-isolated medical facilities when subjected to near-fault and long-period ground motions[J]. Earthquake Engineering&Structural Dynamics, 2014, 43(11):1683-1701.
[38]	丁焕龙,林涛,钟蔚秀,等.成都市第二人民医院龙潭医院结构抗震设计[J].建筑结构, 2016, 46(增刊2):235-238.
[39]	徐敬海,李向阳,陈鼎超.面向抗震防灾规划的建筑物震害评估方法[J].城市问题, 2016(11):47-52.
[40]	吴筑海.医院建筑抗震特性分析及结构设计[J].建筑结构, 2011, 41(4):52-56.
[41]	王玉梅,熊立红,许卫晓.芦山7.0级地震医疗建筑震害与启示[J].地震工程与工程振动, 2013, 33(4):44-53.
[42]	PLANNING C O O S H, DEVELOPMENT, AYRES, et al. Northridge earthquake hospital water damage study[M]. Office of Statewide Health Planning&Development, Division of Facilities Development, 1996. AYERS J M, PHILLIPS R. Northridge earthquake hospital water damage study[J]. Ayers Ezers Associates, Inc Los Angeles, California, 1996.
[43]	PERRONE D, CALVI P M, NASCIMBENE R, et al. Seismic performance of non-structural elements during the 2016 Central Italy earthquake[J]. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2018, 17(10):5655-5677.
[44]	贺思维,曲哲,周惠蒙,等非结构构件抗震性能试验方法综述[J].土木工程学报, 2017, 50(9):16-27.
[45]	尚庆学,李吉超,王涛.管线系统抗震性能研究方法综述[J].世界地震工程, 2018, 34(4):174-1781.
[46]	尚庆学.管线系统抗震性能研究及易损性分析[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所, 2019.
[47]	MYRTLE R C, MASRI S F, NIGBOR R L, et al. Classification and prioritization of essential systems in hospitals under extreme events[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2005, 21(3):779-802.
[48]	NEBIL A, MIYAJIMA M, IKEMOTO T, et al. Damage analysis of health care facilities in the 2004 niigata-ken chuetsu earthquake[C]//proceedings of the Proceedings of the JSCE Earthquake Engineering Symposium. Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 2005.
[49]	MASI A, SANTARSIERO G, GALLIPOLI M R, et al. Performance of the health facilities during the 2012 Emilia (Italy) earthquake and analysis of the Mirandola hospital case study[J]. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2014, 12:2419-2443.
[50]	MIRANDA E, MOSQUEDA G, RETAMALES R, et al. Performance of nonstructural components during the 27 February 2010 Chile earthquake[J]. Earthquake Spectra, Earthquake Spectra, 2012, 28(S1):453-471.
[51]	PRICE H J, DE SORTIS A, SCHOTANUS M. Performance of the San Salvatore Regional Hospital in the 2009 L'Aquila Earthquake[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2012, 28(1):239-256.
[52]	WANG D, DAI J, NING X. Shaking table tests of typical B-ultrasound model hospital room in a simulation of the Lushan earthquake[J]. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 2016, 49(1):116-124.
[53]	NIKFAR F, KONSTANTINIDIS D. Experimental study on the seismic response of equipment on wheels and casters in base-isolated hospitals[J/OL]. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2019, 145(3)[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE) ST.1943-541X.0002266
[54]	LIU J, ZHAI C, YU P, et al. Experimental and numerical analysis of wheeled medical equipment with adjacent wall subjected to earthquakes[J/OL]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 72[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106635.
[55]	KUO K C, SUZUKI Y, KATSURAGI S, et al. Shake table tests on clutter levels of typical medicine shelves and contents subjected to earthquakes[J]. Earthquake Engineering Structural Dynamics, Earthquake engineering structural dynamics, 2011, 40(12):1367-1386.
[56]	SHANG Q, LI J, DU C, et al. Seismic fragility analysis of freestanding hospital cabinets based on shaking table tests[J]. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023, 27(8):1993-2012.
[57]	DI SARNO L, MAGLIULO G, D'ANGELA D, et al. Experimental assessment of the seismic performance of hospital cabinets using shake table testing[J]. Earthquake Engineering Structural Dynamics, 2019, 48(1):103-123.
[58]	KONSTANTINIDIS D, MAKRIS N. Experimental and analytical studies on the response of freestanding laboratory equipment to earthquake shaking[J]. Earthquake Engineering&Structural Dynamics, 2009, 38(6):827-848.
[59]	HUTCHINSON T C, CHAUDHURI S R. Bench-shelf system dynamic characteristics and their effects on equipment and contents[J]. Earthquake Engineering Structural Dynamics, Earthquake Engineering Structural Dynamics, 2006, 35(13):1631-1651.
[60]	NIKFAR F, KONSTANTINIDIS D. Shake table investigation on the seismic performance of hospital equipment supported on wheels/casters[J]. Earthquake Engineering Structural Dynamics, 2017, 46(2):243-266.
[61]	MOSQUEDA G, RETAMALES R, FILIATRAULT A, et al. Testing facility for experimental evaluation of non-structural components under full-scale floor motions[J]. The Structural Design of Tall Special Buildings, 2009, 18(4):387-404.
[62]	SATO E, FURUKAWA S, KAKEHI A, et al. Full-scale shaking table test for examination of safety and functionality of base-isolated medical facilities[J]. Earthquake Engineering Structural Dynamics, 2011, 40(13):1435-1453.
[63]	PANTOLI E, CHEN M C, WANG X, et al. Full-scale structural and nonstructural building system performance during earthquakes:Part II-NCS damage states[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2016, 32(2):771-794.
[64]	MORALES E, FILIATRAULT A, AREF A. Seismic floor isolation using recycled tires for essential buildings in developing countries[J]. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2018, 16(12):6299-6333.
[65]	PELLECCHIA D, LO FEUDO S, VAIANA N, et al. A procedure to model and design elastomeric-based isolation systems for the seismic protection of rocking art objects[J]. Computer-Aided Civil Infrastructure Engineering, 2022, 37(10):1298-1315.
[66]	DESTRO BISOL G, DEJONG M, LIBERATORE D, et al. Analysis of seismically-isolated two-block systems using a multi-rocking-body dynamic model[J]. Computer-Aided Civil Infrastructure Engineering, 2023, 38(12):1583-1604.
[67]	CHAI J, LIN F. Seismic retrofit and shaking table test of medical equipment in a hospital[C]//Proceedings of the Ninth Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering Building an Earthquake-Resilient Society. Auckland, New Zealand, 2011:14-16. CHAI J, LIN F. Seismic retrofit and shaking table test of medical equipment in a hospital; proceedings of the Proceedings of the Ninth Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering Building an Earthquake-Resilient Society, F, 2011[C].
[68]	COMERIO M C, STALLMEYER J C. Laboratory equipment:estimating losses and mitigation costs[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2003, 19(4):779-797.
[69]	COMERIO M C, STALLMEYER J. Nonstructural loss estimation:the UC Berkerly case study[M]. Berkeley:Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 2001.
[70]	PETRONE C, DI SARNO L, MAGLIULO G, et al. Numerical modelling and fragility assessment of typical freestanding building contents[J]. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2017, 15:1609-1633.
[71]	YU P, ZHAI C, LIU J, et al. Shake table tests for the seismic performance assessment of desktop medical laboratory equipment considering the effect of adjacent walls and restrainers[C]//Proceedings of the Structures. Elsevier, 2023.
[72]	尚庆学.医疗系统抗震韧性评价方法研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所, 2022.
[73]	WORLD HEALTH O, PAN AMERICAN HEALTH O. Hospital safety index:guide for evaluators[M]. 2nd ed. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2015.
[74]	MOJTAHEDI M, SUNINDIJO R Y, LESTARI F, et al. Developing hospital emergency and disaster management index using TOPSIS method Developing hospital emergency and disaster management index using TOPSIS method[J]. Sustainability, 2021, 13(9):5213.
[75]	SUNINDIJO R Y, LESTARI F, WIJAYA O. Hospital safety index:assessing the readiness and resiliency of hospitals in Indonesia[J]. Facilities, 2020, 38(1/2):39-51.
[76]	CRUZ-VEGA F, ELIZONDO-ARGUETA S, SÁNCHEZ-ECHEVERRÍA J C, et al. Hospitals of the Mexican Institute of Social Security in the Face of September 2017 earthquakes:analysis from the perspective of the safe hospital program[J]. Gaceta Medica de Mexico, Gac Med Mex, 2018, 154:575-581.
[77]	LUKE J, FRANKLIN R C, DYSON J, et al. Building toward a disaster resilient health system:a study of hospital resilience[J/OL]. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2022, 17[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org.10.1017/dmp.2022.204.
[78]	ZHONG S, HOU X Y, CLARK M, et al. Disaster resilience in tertiary hospitals:a cross-sectional survey in Shandong Province, China[M]//International Disaster Health Care. Apple Academic Press, 2017:63-96. ZHONG S, HOU X Y, CLARK M, et al. Disaster resilience in tertiary hospitals:a cross-sectional survey in Shandong Province, China[J]. BMC Health Services Research, 2014.
[79]	ZHONG S, CLARK M, HOU X Y, et al. Development of key indicators of hospital resilience:a modified Delphi study[J]. Journal of Health Services Research&Policy, J Health Serv Res Policy, 2015, 20(2):74-82. ZHONG S, CLARK M, HOU X Y, et al. Development of key indicators of hospital resilience:a modified Delphi study[J]. J Health Serv Res Policy, 2015, 20(2):74-82.
[80]	ZHONG S, CLARK M, HOU X Y, et al. Validation of a framework for measuring hospital disaster resilience using factor analysis[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2014, 11(6):6335-6353.
[81]	CIMELLARO G P, MALAVISI M, MAHIN S. Factor analysis to evaluate hospital resilience[J/OL]. ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A:Civil Engineering, 2018, 4(1)[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJRUA6.0000952.
[82]	FALLAH-ALIABADI S, OSTADTAGHIZADEH A, ARDALAN A, et al. Towards developing a model for the evaluation of hospital disaster resilience:a systematic review[J]. BMC Health Services Research, BMC Health Serv Res, 2020, 20(1):1-11.
[83]	尚庆学,李吉超,王涛.医疗系统抗震韧性评估指标体系[J].工程力学, 2019, 36(增刊1):106-110.
[84]	CIMELLARO G P, REINHORN A M, BRUNEAU M. Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience[J]. Engineering Structures, Eng Struct, 2010, 32(11):3639-3649.
[85]	YU P, ZHAI C, LIU J, et al. Resilience assessment methods for hospitals subjected to earthquakes:State of the art[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Resilience, 2022, 1(1):40-59.
[86]	LEE W S, GROSH D L, TILLMAN F A, et al. Fault tree analysis, methods, and applications:review[J]. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 1985, R-34(3):194-203.
[87]	MAHADEVAN S, ZHANG R, SMITH N. Bayesian networks for system reliability reassessment[J]. Structural Safety, 2001, 23(3):231-251.
[88]	YOUANCE S, NOLLET M J, MCCLURE G. Effect of critical sub-system failures on the post-earthquake functionality of buildings:A case study for Montral hospitals[J]. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Can J Civ Eng, 2016, 43(10):929-942.
[89]	LUPOI A, CAVALIERI F, FRANCHIN P. Probabilistic seismic assessment of health-care systems at regional scale[C]//proceedings of The 15WCEE-15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Rome, Italy:2012.
[90]	HASSAN E M, MAHMOUD H. Full functionality and recovery assessment framework for a hospital subjected to a scenario earthquake event[J]. Engineering Structures, 2019, 188:165-177.
[91]	LUPOI A, CAVALIERI F, FRANCHIN P. Component fragilities and system performance of health care facilities[M]//SYNER-G:Typology Definition and Fragility Functions for Physical Elements at Seismic Risk:Buildings, Lifelines, Transportation Networks and Critical Facilities. Dordrecht:Springer Netherlands, 2013:357-384.
[92]	MINIATI R, CAPONE P, HOSSER D. Decision support system for rapid seismic risk mitigation of hospital systems. Comparison between models and countries[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2014(9):12-25.
[93]	SHANG Q, WANG T, LI J. Seismic resilience assessment of emergency departments based on the state tree method[J/OL]. Structural Safety, 2020, 85:101944[2023-12-14]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2020.101944.
[94]	YU P, WEN W, JI D, et al. A Framework to Assess the Seismic Resilience of Urban Hospitals[J]. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2019, 2019:1-11.
[95]	WILSON A G, HUZURBAZAR A V. Bayesian networks for multilevel system reliability[J]. Reliability Engineering&System Safety, 2007, 92(10):1413-1420.
[96]	PRZYTULA K W, THOMPSON D. Construction of Bayesian networks for diagnostics[C]//2000 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (Cat No 00TH8484), IEEE. Montana, USA:2000.
[97]	KHAKZAD N, KHAN F, AMYOTTE P. Safety analysis in process facilities:comparison of fault tree and Bayesian network approaches[J]. Reliability Engineering&System Safety, Reliab Eng Syst Saf, 2011, 96(8):925-932.
[98]	BOBBIO A, PORTINALE L, MINICHINO M, et al. Improving the analysis of dependable systems by mapping fault trees into Bayesian networks[J]. Reliability Engineering&System Safety, 2001, 71(3):249-260.
[99]	LIU J, ZHAI C, YU P. A probabilistic framework to evaluate seismic resilience of hospital buildings using bayesian networks[J]. Reliability Engineering&System Safety, 2022,226:226-241.
[100]	PEI S, ZHAI C, HU J, et al. Seismic functionality of healthcare network considering traffic congestion and hospital malfunctioning:A medical accessibility approach[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2023:97-117.
[101]	MALAVISI M, CIMELLARO G P, TERZIC V, et al. Hospital Emergency Response Network for Mass Casualty Incidents[C]//Structures Congress 2015. Porland, Oregon:2015:1573-1584.
[102]	FAVIER P, POULOS A, VASQUEZ J A, et al. Seismic risk assessment of an emergency department of a chilean hospital using a patient-oriented performance model[J]. Earthquake Spectra, Earthq Spectra, 2019, 35(2):489-512.
[103]	TAKAHASHI A, ISHII N, KAWASHIMA T, et al. Assessment of medical response capacity in the time of disaster:the estimated formula of Hospital Treatment Capacity (HTC), the maximum receivable number of patients in hospital[J]. The Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences, The Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences, 2007, 53(5):189-198.
[104]	住房和城乡建设部标准定额研究所.城市工程系统抗震韧性评价导则:RISN-TG041-2022[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2022.
[105]	MINIATI R, IASIO C. Methodology for rapid seismic risk assessment of health structures:case study of the hospital system in Florence, Italy[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2012, 2:16-24.
[106]	李在上.基于混合建模的医疗系统地震韧性定量评估与提升方法[D].北京:清华大学, 2022.
[107]	MACAL C M, NORTH M J. Tutorial on agent-based modeling and simulation[C]//proceedings of the Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference. IEEE, 2005.
[108]	赵军平,杨宏桥,郭华源,等.基于Multi-Agent的医院系统建模仿真方法研究[J].生物医学工程学杂志, 2010, 27(6):1346-1349.
[109]	STAINSBY H, TABOADA M, LUQUE E. Towards an agent-based simulation of hospital emergency departments[C]//proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing, IEEE, 2009.
[110]	汪云峰.基于空间认知智能体的医院流线结构评价[J].系统仿真学报, 2019, 31(2):181-188.
[111]	TABOADA M, CABRERA E, IGLESIAS M L, et al. An agent-based decision support system for hospitals emergency departments[J]. Procedia Computer Science, 2011, 4:1870-1879.
[112]	KAUSHAL A, ZHAO Y, PENG Q, et al. Evaluation of fast track strategies using agent-based simulation modeling to reduce waiting time in a hospital emergency department[J]. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 2015, 50:18-31.
[113]	GUNAL M M. A guide for building hospital simulation models[J]. Health Systems, 2012, 1(1):17-25.
[114]	ZHANG X. Application of discrete event simulation in health care:a systematic review[J]. BMC Health Services Research, 2018, 18(1):1-11.
[115]	GUL M, GUNERI A F. A comprehensive review of emergency department simulation applications for normal and disaster conditions[J]. Computers&Industrial Engineering, 2015, 83:327-344.
[116]	CHANG A Y, OGBUOJI O, ATUN R, et al. Dynamic modeling approaches to characterize the functioning of health systems:a systematic review of the literature[J]. Social Science Medicine, 2017, 194:160-167.
[117]	LUBYANSKY A. A system dynamics model of health care surge capacity[C]//Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. Boston, USA:2005.
[118]	CASSETTARI L, ORFEO A, ROLANDO F, et al. A system dynamics study of an emergency department impact on the management of hospital's surgery activities[C]//Special Session on Health Applications. Reykjavík, Iceland:2013., F, 2013[C]. SCITEPRESS.
[119]	HIRSCH G B. Modeling the consequences of major incidents for health care systems[C]//proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. Oxford, England:2004.
[120]	ARBOLEDA C A, ABRAHAM D M, LUBITZ R J J O P O C F. Simulation as a tool to assess the vulnerability of the operation of a health care facility[J]. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 2007, 21(4):302-312.
[121]	KHANMOHAMMADI S, FARAHMAND H, KASHANI H. A system dynamics approach to the seismic resilience enhancement of hospitals[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Int J Disaster Risk Reduct, 2018, 31:220-233.
[122]	LI Z, LI N, CIMELLARO G P, et al. System dynamics modeling-based approach for assessing seismic resilience of hospitals methodology and a case in China[J]. Journal of Management in Engineering, 2020, 36(5):04020050.
[123]	SHANG Q, WANG T, LI J. A quantitative framework to evaluate the seismic resilience of hospital systems[J]. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2020, 26(7):3364-3388.
[124]	PREZ JIMNEZ F J, MORILLAS L. Effect of the Importance factor on the seismic performance of health facilities in medium seismicity regions[J]. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2019, 26(1):546-562.
[125]	MITRANI-REISER J, MAHONEY M, HOLMES W T, et al. A functional loss assessment of a hospital system in the bio-bio province[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2012, 28(S1):473-502.