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2020 Vol. 50, No. 7
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2020, 50(7): 1-4,14.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG20071302
Abstract:
Since islands in hot and humid areas are far from the mainland, the climate here is humid and hot all year round, and the conventional energy is scarce. The paper introduced the basic idea of designing and constructing ultra-low energy consumption buildings based on solar photovoltaic driven air-conditioning systems on islands in hot and humid areas, the technical route of "reverse design" and design calculation methods, and proposed the principles of thermal design and the "criteria" for the realization of ultra-low air-conditioning operation energy consumption, which were calculated through a common four-story office building as an example. The method has been applied in the construction of islands in hot and humid areas and has achieved the expected results. It has made a technical reserve for the design of ultra-low energy consumption buildings in the future large-scale island and reef construction.
Since islands in hot and humid areas are far from the mainland, the climate here is humid and hot all year round, and the conventional energy is scarce. The paper introduced the basic idea of designing and constructing ultra-low energy consumption buildings based on solar photovoltaic driven air-conditioning systems on islands in hot and humid areas, the technical route of "reverse design" and design calculation methods, and proposed the principles of thermal design and the "criteria" for the realization of ultra-low air-conditioning operation energy consumption, which were calculated through a common four-story office building as an example. The method has been applied in the construction of islands in hot and humid areas and has achieved the expected results. It has made a technical reserve for the design of ultra-low energy consumption buildings in the future large-scale island and reef construction.
2020, 50(7): 5-14.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19112601
Abstract:
In the background of ecological civilization construction, the rural green development in Henan Province is an important embodiment of rural revitalization strategies. Through the comprehensive analysis of the current situation of rural development in mountain areas, the evaluation index system of rural green development was constructed from four aspects of the ecological environment, economic development, public services and government investment, which included six primary indicators of the resources and environment, ecological protection, industrial structure, living standards, facility construction and green investment, which included seventeen secondary indicators. The comprehensive evaluation and analysis revealed that the rural green development level in the Funiu Mountain area was relatively high, while the research found that the industrial structure and living standards had great impacts on rural green development in mountain areas. On this basis, it further refined and analyzed the influencing factors and dynamic mechanisms of interaction of four aspects of rural green development in mountain areas, among which the ecological environment was the basic driving force, economic development was the main driving forces, public services were the supporting forces, and government investment was the guiding force. Finally, empirical analysis combining with typical villages was conducted and countermeasures and suggestions from the aspects of the green livable system, green industry system, green support system and green governance system were put forward.
In the background of ecological civilization construction, the rural green development in Henan Province is an important embodiment of rural revitalization strategies. Through the comprehensive analysis of the current situation of rural development in mountain areas, the evaluation index system of rural green development was constructed from four aspects of the ecological environment, economic development, public services and government investment, which included six primary indicators of the resources and environment, ecological protection, industrial structure, living standards, facility construction and green investment, which included seventeen secondary indicators. The comprehensive evaluation and analysis revealed that the rural green development level in the Funiu Mountain area was relatively high, while the research found that the industrial structure and living standards had great impacts on rural green development in mountain areas. On this basis, it further refined and analyzed the influencing factors and dynamic mechanisms of interaction of four aspects of rural green development in mountain areas, among which the ecological environment was the basic driving force, economic development was the main driving forces, public services were the supporting forces, and government investment was the guiding force. Finally, empirical analysis combining with typical villages was conducted and countermeasures and suggestions from the aspects of the green livable system, green industry system, green support system and green governance system were put forward.
2020, 50(7): 15-27.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19120312
Abstract:
The masonry cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi are typical regional sustainable existence and residence buildings, containing ecological wisdom and cultural connotation based on environmental coordination. Aiming at the synergy of architectural culture inheritance and green development, the paper took the green experience of traditional residences as the main research path. Taking the masonry cave dwellings as the research object, to explore ecological measures and approaches of masonry cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi, and then provide relevant references for construction of green buildings and technique systems in typical areas of northern Shaanxi based on cultural inheritance.
The masonry cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi are typical regional sustainable existence and residence buildings, containing ecological wisdom and cultural connotation based on environmental coordination. Aiming at the synergy of architectural culture inheritance and green development, the paper took the green experience of traditional residences as the main research path. Taking the masonry cave dwellings as the research object, to explore ecological measures and approaches of masonry cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi, and then provide relevant references for construction of green buildings and technique systems in typical areas of northern Shaanxi based on cultural inheritance.
2020, 50(7): 28-33.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19112609
Abstract:
Recently, the construction of energy efficiency buildings has been one of the main objectives of sustainable development, especially for areas with extreme climate. In present study, field measurement of indoor thermal environment was conducted in two demonstration houses in Turpan to investigate the green building design strategies suitable for dry-hot and dry-cold areas. The common brick houses in Turpan were selected as the reference group for comparative analysis. Meanwhile, indoor thermal environment was evaluated based on the thermal adaptive model in Turpan. The results indicated that the heavy structure envelope and constructional patterns based on the thermal adaptive behaviors of residents could improve indoor thermal environment. In summer, semi-basement was the most effective strategy to satisfy human thermal comfort, followed by night ventilation. The indoor air temperature in semi-basement was around 31 ℃ while outdoor temperature was as high as 44.3 ℃. In winter, passive solar heating and semi-basement were both effective.
Recently, the construction of energy efficiency buildings has been one of the main objectives of sustainable development, especially for areas with extreme climate. In present study, field measurement of indoor thermal environment was conducted in two demonstration houses in Turpan to investigate the green building design strategies suitable for dry-hot and dry-cold areas. The common brick houses in Turpan were selected as the reference group for comparative analysis. Meanwhile, indoor thermal environment was evaluated based on the thermal adaptive model in Turpan. The results indicated that the heavy structure envelope and constructional patterns based on the thermal adaptive behaviors of residents could improve indoor thermal environment. In summer, semi-basement was the most effective strategy to satisfy human thermal comfort, followed by night ventilation. The indoor air temperature in semi-basement was around 31 ℃ while outdoor temperature was as high as 44.3 ℃. In winter, passive solar heating and semi-basement were both effective.
2020, 50(7): 34-40.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113002
Abstract:
The design strategy of wind environment in cold areas is windbreak in winter and ventilation in summer. However, through the analysis of the observation data of the weather station in Luoyang for many years, combined with the field test, it is found that the dominant wind direction in Luoyang is roughly the same in the four seasons, so the demands of winter and summer wind are restricted mutually. For a long time, due to economic and technical constraints, traditional rural residential dwellings have adopted the layout strategy of "emphasizing cold protection and neglecting ventilation" to meet the needs of survival and comfort. Based on the meteorological data of Luoyang and the actual indoor and outdoor test data, this paper analyzed the characteristics of wind pressure ventilation, combined with theoretical analysis, and put forward some strategies to improve summer ventilation under the premise of winter windbreak. Finally, by simulating the differential pressure difference in the incoming inflow direction under different working conditions, it was concluded that when the outdoor average wind speed was 3 m/s, the indoor average wind speed was up to 0.36 m/s higher than that before the change, which could offset the increase in room temperature at most 1.47 ℃.
The design strategy of wind environment in cold areas is windbreak in winter and ventilation in summer. However, through the analysis of the observation data of the weather station in Luoyang for many years, combined with the field test, it is found that the dominant wind direction in Luoyang is roughly the same in the four seasons, so the demands of winter and summer wind are restricted mutually. For a long time, due to economic and technical constraints, traditional rural residential dwellings have adopted the layout strategy of "emphasizing cold protection and neglecting ventilation" to meet the needs of survival and comfort. Based on the meteorological data of Luoyang and the actual indoor and outdoor test data, this paper analyzed the characteristics of wind pressure ventilation, combined with theoretical analysis, and put forward some strategies to improve summer ventilation under the premise of winter windbreak. Finally, by simulating the differential pressure difference in the incoming inflow direction under different working conditions, it was concluded that when the outdoor average wind speed was 3 m/s, the indoor average wind speed was up to 0.36 m/s higher than that before the change, which could offset the increase in room temperature at most 1.47 ℃.
2020, 50(7): 41-48,119.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113027
Abstract:
In context of the construction of new towns, modern small residential houses in southern region of China have been gradually developing, however, due to the homogenization of construction technique, idle land, urbanization process and other factors, these houses lack of climatic and regional characteristics. Vietnamese small residential houses are in the similar climate region, by making full use of the building thermal climate buffer space, the new form of residential green housing space is created. Through sorting the thermal buffer spaces in Vietnamese small residential houses, its architectural physical environment characteristics and spatial adaptability were summarized. Some of diverse, rich and climate-adjustable respresentative modern residential spaces in southern region were selected as reference in the reconstruction of typical cases.
In context of the construction of new towns, modern small residential houses in southern region of China have been gradually developing, however, due to the homogenization of construction technique, idle land, urbanization process and other factors, these houses lack of climatic and regional characteristics. Vietnamese small residential houses are in the similar climate region, by making full use of the building thermal climate buffer space, the new form of residential green housing space is created. Through sorting the thermal buffer spaces in Vietnamese small residential houses, its architectural physical environment characteristics and spatial adaptability were summarized. Some of diverse, rich and climate-adjustable respresentative modern residential spaces in southern region were selected as reference in the reconstruction of typical cases.
2020, 50(7): 49-55.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113050
Abstract:
In order to reduce the booming air-conditioning energy consumption in Yancheng, a basic model was established in Yancheng with the most widely distributed 6-story unit dwellings, and the space design elements and thermal design elements for the envelope that affected the energy consumption for heating and cooling were analyzed by EnergyPlus8.7. The simulation results showed that the energy saving effect of the southward sunlight room decreased with the increase of the depth of the sunlight room. The maximum energy-saving rate could be 6.62%. The energy saving effect of the northward buffer space increased with the increase of the depth, which could save energy by 13.44%. It would be the best mothod for energy-saving to add EPS insulation boards outside north walls or roofs, the energy-saving effect would fall down if EPS boards would be installed outside sowth walls, and it would almost be useless to install EPS boards outside esat and west walls. Adding 40 mm thick EPS insulation boards to the north wall, roof and south wall could save energy by 9.39%, 10.33% and 4.24% respectively. The energy-saving model after the transformation of the space organization and the envelope structure was 44.07% more energy efficient than the basic model.
In order to reduce the booming air-conditioning energy consumption in Yancheng, a basic model was established in Yancheng with the most widely distributed 6-story unit dwellings, and the space design elements and thermal design elements for the envelope that affected the energy consumption for heating and cooling were analyzed by EnergyPlus8.7. The simulation results showed that the energy saving effect of the southward sunlight room decreased with the increase of the depth of the sunlight room. The maximum energy-saving rate could be 6.62%. The energy saving effect of the northward buffer space increased with the increase of the depth, which could save energy by 13.44%. It would be the best mothod for energy-saving to add EPS insulation boards outside north walls or roofs, the energy-saving effect would fall down if EPS boards would be installed outside sowth walls, and it would almost be useless to install EPS boards outside esat and west walls. Adding 40 mm thick EPS insulation boards to the north wall, roof and south wall could save energy by 9.39%, 10.33% and 4.24% respectively. The energy-saving model after the transformation of the space organization and the envelope structure was 44.07% more energy efficient than the basic model.
2020, 50(7): 56-61,67.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19112510
Abstract:
There are many parameters in the design process of the transparent envelope of machine workshop, and the influences of these parameters on the indoor light environment, thermal environment and energy consumption are often contradictory and mutually restricted. Therefore, the design optimization of the transparent envelope parameters of machine workshop is a typical multi-factor and multi-objective optimization problem. The common single factor and single objective optimization method are mostly ineffective for considering one objective while neglecting another. The multi-objective genetic algorithm was used to optimize the design parameters of the transparent envelope. Through the interaction between Matlab and EnergyPlus, the Pareto-optimal schemes of design parameters of transparent envelope were obtained. The value distribution characteristics of the design parameters were analyzed in the Pareto optimal scheme set, and the performance of single objective optimal scheme and multi-objective Pareto optimal scheme were compared. The results showed that the significance and necessity of multi-objective optimization for the design optimization of the transparent envelop parameters. The proposed multi-objective optimization decision method with multi factors can be helpful for architectural designers in the design stage of the industrial building.
There are many parameters in the design process of the transparent envelope of machine workshop, and the influences of these parameters on the indoor light environment, thermal environment and energy consumption are often contradictory and mutually restricted. Therefore, the design optimization of the transparent envelope parameters of machine workshop is a typical multi-factor and multi-objective optimization problem. The common single factor and single objective optimization method are mostly ineffective for considering one objective while neglecting another. The multi-objective genetic algorithm was used to optimize the design parameters of the transparent envelope. Through the interaction between Matlab and EnergyPlus, the Pareto-optimal schemes of design parameters of transparent envelope were obtained. The value distribution characteristics of the design parameters were analyzed in the Pareto optimal scheme set, and the performance of single objective optimal scheme and multi-objective Pareto optimal scheme were compared. The results showed that the significance and necessity of multi-objective optimization for the design optimization of the transparent envelop parameters. The proposed multi-objective optimization decision method with multi factors can be helpful for architectural designers in the design stage of the industrial building.
2020, 50(7): 62-67.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113046
Abstract:
Air dome structures have been widely used in industrial buildings as a light green space structure. Meanwhile, more and more business buildings have gradually adopted air dome structures in recent years. The large space business forms created by air dome buildings with green natures are different from the one by the traditional. The spatial characteristics and forms of air dome buildings were analyzed through various aspects such as commerical layout in spaces of large air dome builidings, applicability in high-wide spaces, adjustment of physical environments and service improvement. The analysis and summary world provide a reference to future commercial forms in air dome buildings.
Air dome structures have been widely used in industrial buildings as a light green space structure. Meanwhile, more and more business buildings have gradually adopted air dome structures in recent years. The large space business forms created by air dome buildings with green natures are different from the one by the traditional. The spatial characteristics and forms of air dome buildings were analyzed through various aspects such as commerical layout in spaces of large air dome builidings, applicability in high-wide spaces, adjustment of physical environments and service improvement. The analysis and summary world provide a reference to future commercial forms in air dome buildings.
2020, 50(7): 68-71,33.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19112921
Abstract:
A new type prefabricated concrete floor slab was studied in the paper. Through the finite element analysis method, the heat transfer characteristics and thermal performance of the panel were studied. The results showed that the rib grid of the floor slab could cause the uneven distribution of thermal flux and surface temperature; the thermal insulation performance of the floor was better than that of the typical concrete composite floor with same thickness; the thermal insulation performance of the floor slab could be changed with different filling materials.
A new type prefabricated concrete floor slab was studied in the paper. Through the finite element analysis method, the heat transfer characteristics and thermal performance of the panel were studied. The results showed that the rib grid of the floor slab could cause the uneven distribution of thermal flux and surface temperature; the thermal insulation performance of the floor was better than that of the typical concrete composite floor with same thickness; the thermal insulation performance of the floor slab could be changed with different filling materials.
2020, 50(7): 72-76.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19112922
Abstract:
Joints between precast elements are inevitable in prefabricated concrete structures. Joints are the key parts for the structure safety and they also influence the thermal performance of building. In prefabricated concrete wall structure, the joint between wall panels may cause thermal bridge without an appropriate design. By applying infrared camera measurement and ANSYS finite element analysis, the paper analyzed the thermal flow distribution around the typical vertical joints between the precast panels. By applying PTemp steady state heat transfer simulation, the linear thermal transmittances of three typical joints of wall panels were calculated and the condensation risk was analyzed. The results showed that thermal bridge existed around T-shaped joint. To eliminate the thermal bridge effect caused by structure construction exterior insulating was needed for this precast wall structure.
Joints between precast elements are inevitable in prefabricated concrete structures. Joints are the key parts for the structure safety and they also influence the thermal performance of building. In prefabricated concrete wall structure, the joint between wall panels may cause thermal bridge without an appropriate design. By applying infrared camera measurement and ANSYS finite element analysis, the paper analyzed the thermal flow distribution around the typical vertical joints between the precast panels. By applying PTemp steady state heat transfer simulation, the linear thermal transmittances of three typical joints of wall panels were calculated and the condensation risk was analyzed. The results showed that thermal bridge existed around T-shaped joint. To eliminate the thermal bridge effect caused by structure construction exterior insulating was needed for this precast wall structure.
2020, 50(7): 77-82.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG20070803
Abstract:
Space superposition design strategy is a kind of spatial organization method that vertically superimposes the main tall and large space on one another. Taking the Mentougou Sports and Cultural Center as research object, the use of space superposition design strategy in the green building design of tall and large space in the cultural and sports center was studied, the analysis from the aspects of space intension, energy consumption reducing, simplified structure, material structure and operation optimization was conducted, and the contribution of space superposition design strategy to green building design was discussed. A series of design factors taking space superposition design strategy as the core, in association with the green properties of building, the strategy matrix for green building design was constructed, the green properties of tall and large space could be improved effectively, and higher aims of green building could be realized.
Space superposition design strategy is a kind of spatial organization method that vertically superimposes the main tall and large space on one another. Taking the Mentougou Sports and Cultural Center as research object, the use of space superposition design strategy in the green building design of tall and large space in the cultural and sports center was studied, the analysis from the aspects of space intension, energy consumption reducing, simplified structure, material structure and operation optimization was conducted, and the contribution of space superposition design strategy to green building design was discussed. A series of design factors taking space superposition design strategy as the core, in association with the green properties of building, the strategy matrix for green building design was constructed, the green properties of tall and large space could be improved effectively, and higher aims of green building could be realized.
2020, 50(7): 83-87,150.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113009
Abstract:
Heat transfer coefficient of building surface is an important parameter for building thermal engineering, energy saving and energy consumption simulation. In order to investigate the dynamic changes of heat flow and heat transfer coefficient on the actual building surface, to improve the accuracy of building energy consumption simulation, and to provide basic parameter data for codes and standards, the direct heat balance method was adopted in this study. Field tests were carried out on the external walls of an office building in Xi'an, the convection/radiation and total heat flux of the external walls were obtained. On the basis of experiment, the convection heat transfer coefficient(CHTC), the radiation heat transfer coefficient(RHTC), and total heat transfer coefficient of the surface were obtained. The results indicated that the radiation and convection heat transfer coefficients of the external walls changed from 1.59 to 29.18 W/(m2·K) and 0.14 to 7.56 W/(m2·K), respectively. The radiation heat flux of the external walls accounted for 85% during the daylight and 50% during the night of the total heat flux. For the natural wind with low wind speed, the value of maximum frequency was suggested to be used as the design value.
Heat transfer coefficient of building surface is an important parameter for building thermal engineering, energy saving and energy consumption simulation. In order to investigate the dynamic changes of heat flow and heat transfer coefficient on the actual building surface, to improve the accuracy of building energy consumption simulation, and to provide basic parameter data for codes and standards, the direct heat balance method was adopted in this study. Field tests were carried out on the external walls of an office building in Xi'an, the convection/radiation and total heat flux of the external walls were obtained. On the basis of experiment, the convection heat transfer coefficient(CHTC), the radiation heat transfer coefficient(RHTC), and total heat transfer coefficient of the surface were obtained. The results indicated that the radiation and convection heat transfer coefficients of the external walls changed from 1.59 to 29.18 W/(m2·K) and 0.14 to 7.56 W/(m2·K), respectively. The radiation heat flux of the external walls accounted for 85% during the daylight and 50% during the night of the total heat flux. For the natural wind with low wind speed, the value of maximum frequency was suggested to be used as the design value.
2020, 50(7): 88-94.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113026
Abstract:
Decision-making of residential planning schemes has an important influence on building loads. A building load prediction model suitable for planning can quickly calculate differences of total building loads of different schemes, and effectively promote the optimization for energy-saving in residential quarters was set up. In the study, the samples were selected in Xi'an's built-up areas by an Universal Hashing method, analyzing the influence of the spacing relationship on the radiation value of building south external wall and the correlation between the load change rate and radiation reduction coefficient with the south building blocking. The results showed that the load change rate was linear correlation with the radiation reduction coefficient. On this basis, the quantitative relationship between the total building loads and the spatial form parameters of residential quarters was set up, and rapid prediction models of building loads for residential quarter planning were structured and perfected by conducting a multivariate regression analysis of spatial form parameters for residential quarters and total building loads of residential quarters, which would provide the technical reference to optimization of residential quarter planning schemes.
Decision-making of residential planning schemes has an important influence on building loads. A building load prediction model suitable for planning can quickly calculate differences of total building loads of different schemes, and effectively promote the optimization for energy-saving in residential quarters was set up. In the study, the samples were selected in Xi'an's built-up areas by an Universal Hashing method, analyzing the influence of the spacing relationship on the radiation value of building south external wall and the correlation between the load change rate and radiation reduction coefficient with the south building blocking. The results showed that the load change rate was linear correlation with the radiation reduction coefficient. On this basis, the quantitative relationship between the total building loads and the spatial form parameters of residential quarters was set up, and rapid prediction models of building loads for residential quarter planning were structured and perfected by conducting a multivariate regression analysis of spatial form parameters for residential quarters and total building loads of residential quarters, which would provide the technical reference to optimization of residential quarter planning schemes.
2020, 50(7): 95-100,203.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113030
Abstract:
In order to establish a basic meteorological database for energy saving of buildings in China, it is necessary to analyze the effect of different record periods on selection results of typical meteorological years. In this paper, 11 typical cities were selected which represended mateorolgical states of the 11 sub divisions of the five building thermal design divisions. The Sandia National Laboratory method was used to compare the differences of shortened record periods (3 to 15 years) with the long-term records of 30 years in typical meteorological years. The results showed that to meet the needs of the average fluctuation range of standard deviation for solar radiation within 1 MJ/m2 and the average fluctuation range of standard deviation of temperature within 1 ℃, it was necessary to use data at least for 8 years. However, depending on the location of the city and climate, there would still be large fluctuations in standard deviations of temperatures or solar radiation in some cities
In order to establish a basic meteorological database for energy saving of buildings in China, it is necessary to analyze the effect of different record periods on selection results of typical meteorological years. In this paper, 11 typical cities were selected which represended mateorolgical states of the 11 sub divisions of the five building thermal design divisions. The Sandia National Laboratory method was used to compare the differences of shortened record periods (3 to 15 years) with the long-term records of 30 years in typical meteorological years. The results showed that to meet the needs of the average fluctuation range of standard deviation for solar radiation within 1 MJ/m2 and the average fluctuation range of standard deviation of temperature within 1 ℃, it was necessary to use data at least for 8 years. However, depending on the location of the city and climate, there would still be large fluctuations in standard deviations of temperatures or solar radiation in some cities
2020, 50(7): 101-106.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113004
Abstract:
The wet bulb temperature was calculated by trial method. Goff-Cratch, Hyland-Wexler, Magnus-Teten, Murphy-Koop, modified Buck and Buck were used to calculate the saturated vapor pressure. First of all, 1 120 sets of data were used, including dry bulb temperature range of -15~40 ℃, relative humidity range of 5%~100% and atmospheric pressure of 1 013.25 hPa. By comparing the calculated wet bulb temperatures obtained by the six calculation formulas of saturated water vapor pressure with the wet bulb temperature obtained from the h-d diagram, it was concluded that when the relative humidity was 5%, 30%, the maximum difference of the average error of the wet bulb temperature was 0.01; when the dry bulb temperature was -15~0 ℃, the maximum difference of the average error was 0.01; the average error was 0.59, and the root mean square error was 1.02; then, based on the dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure observed manually, comparing the calculated wet bulb temperatures obtained by the six formulas of saturated water vapor pressure with the manually observed wet bulb temperature, it was concluded that the calculated wet bulb temperature under the six formulas of saturated water vapor pressure was equal and had the same error. Finally, based on the comparison of the two results, it could be concluded that: with the accuracy of error less than 0.01, the six calculation formulas of saturated water vapor pressure had no influence on the calculation of outdoor wet bulb temperature; for the calculation of outdoor wet bulb temperature, one of the six calculation formulas of saturated water vapor pressure could be selected for the calculation of saturated water vapor pressure.
The wet bulb temperature was calculated by trial method. Goff-Cratch, Hyland-Wexler, Magnus-Teten, Murphy-Koop, modified Buck and Buck were used to calculate the saturated vapor pressure. First of all, 1 120 sets of data were used, including dry bulb temperature range of -15~40 ℃, relative humidity range of 5%~100% and atmospheric pressure of 1 013.25 hPa. By comparing the calculated wet bulb temperatures obtained by the six calculation formulas of saturated water vapor pressure with the wet bulb temperature obtained from the h-d diagram, it was concluded that when the relative humidity was 5%, 30%, the maximum difference of the average error of the wet bulb temperature was 0.01; when the dry bulb temperature was -15~0 ℃, the maximum difference of the average error was 0.01; the average error was 0.59, and the root mean square error was 1.02; then, based on the dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure observed manually, comparing the calculated wet bulb temperatures obtained by the six formulas of saturated water vapor pressure with the manually observed wet bulb temperature, it was concluded that the calculated wet bulb temperature under the six formulas of saturated water vapor pressure was equal and had the same error. Finally, based on the comparison of the two results, it could be concluded that: with the accuracy of error less than 0.01, the six calculation formulas of saturated water vapor pressure had no influence on the calculation of outdoor wet bulb temperature; for the calculation of outdoor wet bulb temperature, one of the six calculation formulas of saturated water vapor pressure could be selected for the calculation of saturated water vapor pressure.
2020, 50(7): 107-112.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113023
Abstract:
In order to improve the indoor thermal environment of residences in rural areas of Diqing in winter, thermal environmental benefits for local representative residences with sun rooms of being surrounded were studied. The test results indicated that the increasing of sun rooms would promote the ecological benefits of the thermal environment. Based on analysis of test data and numerical verification by software simulation, the quantitative improvement measures of sun rooms were put forward, which could provide references to quantitative study of indoor thermal environment in winter in Diqing Tibetan area.
In order to improve the indoor thermal environment of residences in rural areas of Diqing in winter, thermal environmental benefits for local representative residences with sun rooms of being surrounded were studied. The test results indicated that the increasing of sun rooms would promote the ecological benefits of the thermal environment. Based on analysis of test data and numerical verification by software simulation, the quantitative improvement measures of sun rooms were put forward, which could provide references to quantitative study of indoor thermal environment in winter in Diqing Tibetan area.
2020, 50(7): 113-119.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113028
Abstract:
In order to solve the problem of energy conservation for an apartment in building design, four dwellings with different space forms and modes were selected, and the actual measurement method was adopted to quantitatively teste and analyze the indoor and outdoor air temperatures and humidity and wall temperatures, combined with DesignBuilder software for simulation verifiction, and the relationship of building space modes and the indoor thermal environment was studied. The analysis showed that: 1) The greater the number of rooms on the south in a building, the lower the temperture of the apartment, and the more rooms on the north, the higher the temperature; 2) The partition between the sun room and the adjacent room was not conducive to the rise of room temperatures during days and was beneficial to maintaining room temperatures at nights. 3) The smaller the depths of directly profitable rooms, the higher the temperatures. This phenomenon was especially obvious when apartments faced southeast.
In order to solve the problem of energy conservation for an apartment in building design, four dwellings with different space forms and modes were selected, and the actual measurement method was adopted to quantitatively teste and analyze the indoor and outdoor air temperatures and humidity and wall temperatures, combined with DesignBuilder software for simulation verifiction, and the relationship of building space modes and the indoor thermal environment was studied. The analysis showed that: 1) The greater the number of rooms on the south in a building, the lower the temperture of the apartment, and the more rooms on the north, the higher the temperature; 2) The partition between the sun room and the adjacent room was not conducive to the rise of room temperatures during days and was beneficial to maintaining room temperatures at nights. 3) The smaller the depths of directly profitable rooms, the higher the temperatures. This phenomenon was especially obvious when apartments faced southeast.
2020, 50(7): 127-132,27.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113049
Abstract:
Aiming at ventilation requirements under high temperature and high humidity in summer and the needs for wind sheltering in chilly winters in the Bohai Rim region, based on the typical meteorological year parameters in the JGJ/T 346-2014 Building Energy Conservation Meteorological Parameter Standards, a statistical analysis of wind directions, wind frequencies and wind speed data for 23 cities, based on the old specification of HJ 2.2-2008, a quantitative calculation method of dominant wind directions was proposed. Based on the statistical results of dominant wind directions, wind frequencies, and wind speeds, taking winter sheltering and summer ventilation into comprehensive consideration, the concepts of ventilation coefficients and sheltering coefficients were proposed, and rose maps of city ventilation or sheltering were drawn to explore the favorable ventilation directions and adverse sheltering directions in different classification areas.
Aiming at ventilation requirements under high temperature and high humidity in summer and the needs for wind sheltering in chilly winters in the Bohai Rim region, based on the typical meteorological year parameters in the JGJ/T 346-2014 Building Energy Conservation Meteorological Parameter Standards, a statistical analysis of wind directions, wind frequencies and wind speed data for 23 cities, based on the old specification of HJ 2.2-2008, a quantitative calculation method of dominant wind directions was proposed. Based on the statistical results of dominant wind directions, wind frequencies, and wind speeds, taking winter sheltering and summer ventilation into comprehensive consideration, the concepts of ventilation coefficients and sheltering coefficients were proposed, and rose maps of city ventilation or sheltering were drawn to explore the favorable ventilation directions and adverse sheltering directions in different classification areas.
2020, 50(7): 133-136,174.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113043
Abstract:
The surface runoff of sites is a complex process affected by multiple variables.Factors such as rainfall, vertical design for shallow ground and pavement types are the main factors affecting the surface runoff.The site design elements will affect the above factors directly or indirectly in the process of site design,and it will optimize the surface runoff.Mainly discussing the saturation-excess runoff of site, the theoretical calculation on the conditions of saturation-excess runoff,storage spaces and the transport conditions were conducted,and the quantitative analysis on runoff combing with same cases was carried out, which could provide a quantitative analysis idea for the optimization of water factors in habitat site construction.
The surface runoff of sites is a complex process affected by multiple variables.Factors such as rainfall, vertical design for shallow ground and pavement types are the main factors affecting the surface runoff.The site design elements will affect the above factors directly or indirectly in the process of site design,and it will optimize the surface runoff.Mainly discussing the saturation-excess runoff of site, the theoretical calculation on the conditions of saturation-excess runoff,storage spaces and the transport conditions were conducted,and the quantitative analysis on runoff combing with same cases was carried out, which could provide a quantitative analysis idea for the optimization of water factors in habitat site construction.
2020, 50(7): 137-142.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113039
Abstract:
A street canyon is an important space type in the built environment of cities. Optimization of geometry shapes is conducive to the efficient use of solar potential street canyons. The influence of geometrical spatial forms of street canyons on solar potential in Xi'an built-up areas. CitySim was used to simulate the solar potential of a typical urban street canyon, and correlations between planning elements about geometry shapes of street canyons and the solar potential were analyzed by a bivariate model. The results showed that the monthly solar radiation of street canyons in Xi'an showed a general characteristic of "increasing first and then decreasing, next increasing and then decreasing". The street orientation was a key planning element for the geometric shape affecting solar potential of street canyons. The street aspect ratio was negatively related to solar potential.
A street canyon is an important space type in the built environment of cities. Optimization of geometry shapes is conducive to the efficient use of solar potential street canyons. The influence of geometrical spatial forms of street canyons on solar potential in Xi'an built-up areas. CitySim was used to simulate the solar potential of a typical urban street canyon, and correlations between planning elements about geometry shapes of street canyons and the solar potential were analyzed by a bivariate model. The results showed that the monthly solar radiation of street canyons in Xi'an showed a general characteristic of "increasing first and then decreasing, next increasing and then decreasing". The street orientation was a key planning element for the geometric shape affecting solar potential of street canyons. The street aspect ratio was negatively related to solar potential.
2020, 50(7): 143-150.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113017
Abstract:
The solar radiation in the open space of urban residential areas has an important impact on the thermal environment. In order to create a livable and economic residential outdoor space, it is of fundamental value to study the amount of solar radiation in the outdoor space. Based on the parameterized software platform Rhino-Grasshopper and with the help of the performance simulation plug-in Ladybug, the shadow angle projection algorithm principle of the sky opening factor was adopted to realize the automatic calculation of the sky view factor (SVF). Compared with the calculation of solar radiation model based on SVF, it was proved that the simplified calculation had high calculation accuracy and stability, and could meet the requirements of engineering design. At the same time, using the ideal settlement model to analyze the influence of green settlement design parameters on solar radiation, the results showed that building density was negatively correlated with solar radiation, and the correlation of plot ratio, average building height and solar radiation were affected by building density, and the correlation varied with the solar height angle.
The solar radiation in the open space of urban residential areas has an important impact on the thermal environment. In order to create a livable and economic residential outdoor space, it is of fundamental value to study the amount of solar radiation in the outdoor space. Based on the parameterized software platform Rhino-Grasshopper and with the help of the performance simulation plug-in Ladybug, the shadow angle projection algorithm principle of the sky opening factor was adopted to realize the automatic calculation of the sky view factor (SVF). Compared with the calculation of solar radiation model based on SVF, it was proved that the simplified calculation had high calculation accuracy and stability, and could meet the requirements of engineering design. At the same time, using the ideal settlement model to analyze the influence of green settlement design parameters on solar radiation, the results showed that building density was negatively correlated with solar radiation, and the correlation of plot ratio, average building height and solar radiation were affected by building density, and the correlation varied with the solar height angle.
2020, 50(7): 151-158.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19112911
Abstract:
Green city and architecture design needs accurate consideration of solar radiation. Studying the distribution patterns of urban solar radiation can provide basic design parameters for green city and architecture design. The distribution patterns of solar radiation in the middle and low density urban area of Xi'an — Xi'an old city was studied by using the street panoramic images. The calculation flow was verified to be accurate and effective by field experiment. The study found that in the middle and low density urban areas, SVF (Sky View Factor) had a decisive effect on the intensity of solar radiation, and its pattern on affecting solar radiation were influenced by the direction and width of streets. The correlation between SVF and the solar radiation in the east-west streets was lower than that in the north-south streets, but the effect of SVF on the east-west streets was generally higher than that on the north-south streets. The narrower the street was, the more intense the effect of SVF on solar radiation was, except for the period when the solar height angle was low. Therefore, in urban and architectural design, east-west streets and north-south streets should adopt different parameter standards.
Green city and architecture design needs accurate consideration of solar radiation. Studying the distribution patterns of urban solar radiation can provide basic design parameters for green city and architecture design. The distribution patterns of solar radiation in the middle and low density urban area of Xi'an — Xi'an old city was studied by using the street panoramic images. The calculation flow was verified to be accurate and effective by field experiment. The study found that in the middle and low density urban areas, SVF (Sky View Factor) had a decisive effect on the intensity of solar radiation, and its pattern on affecting solar radiation were influenced by the direction and width of streets. The correlation between SVF and the solar radiation in the east-west streets was lower than that in the north-south streets, but the effect of SVF on the east-west streets was generally higher than that on the north-south streets. The narrower the street was, the more intense the effect of SVF on solar radiation was, except for the period when the solar height angle was low. Therefore, in urban and architectural design, east-west streets and north-south streets should adopt different parameter standards.
2020, 50(7): 159-165,158.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19113015
Abstract:
The unglazed transpired solar wall technique is conducive to the integration of solar energy utilization and buildings, and is an effective measure for building a comprehensive renewable energy system. Based on the review of the research progress and application status of the technique at home and abroad, the paper summarized the main types and methods of the technique in the construction application, and pointed out the existing problems and future development direction of the system.
The unglazed transpired solar wall technique is conducive to the integration of solar energy utilization and buildings, and is an effective measure for building a comprehensive renewable energy system. Based on the review of the research progress and application status of the technique at home and abroad, the paper summarized the main types and methods of the technique in the construction application, and pointed out the existing problems and future development direction of the system.
2020, 50(7): 166-174.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19121107
Abstract:
China's rapid urbanization has led to a significant increase in greenhouse gas emission, putting enormous pressure on the environment. Cities are major places of human activity and major sources of greenhouse gases. Many researchers have carried out a lot of research from macro urban scales and micro architectural scales, such as the low-carbon city and low-carbon architecture, etc. While for the medium level of low-carbon urban planning, that is, urban block scales, the relevant research is less and more scattered. However, urban blocks are the most basic spatial units to achieve low-carbon city goals. Low-carbon planning at this level is considered to be one of the most effective and flexible means, so it is very important. This paper took urban block building groups as the object, systematically summarized it by bottom-up method, and focused on summarizing and sorting out three kinds of technical methods for building low-carbon urban block buildings, that was low-carbon measures for single buildings, the impact of block spatial forms and block carbon sinks on building carbon emission, and how to affect carbon emission of block buildings. Finally, an effective method was provided to low-carbon urban planning design and relevant research.
China's rapid urbanization has led to a significant increase in greenhouse gas emission, putting enormous pressure on the environment. Cities are major places of human activity and major sources of greenhouse gases. Many researchers have carried out a lot of research from macro urban scales and micro architectural scales, such as the low-carbon city and low-carbon architecture, etc. While for the medium level of low-carbon urban planning, that is, urban block scales, the relevant research is less and more scattered. However, urban blocks are the most basic spatial units to achieve low-carbon city goals. Low-carbon planning at this level is considered to be one of the most effective and flexible means, so it is very important. This paper took urban block building groups as the object, systematically summarized it by bottom-up method, and focused on summarizing and sorting out three kinds of technical methods for building low-carbon urban block buildings, that was low-carbon measures for single buildings, the impact of block spatial forms and block carbon sinks on building carbon emission, and how to affect carbon emission of block buildings. Finally, an effective method was provided to low-carbon urban planning design and relevant research.
2020, 50(7): 175-180.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19120902
Abstract:
With the development of industrial buildings, the necessity of implementing the green building concepts throughout the life cycle of industrial buildings is more and more important. Different assessment systems have various focuses in the process of engineering design, construction, subsequent operation and maintenance. The differences in assessment standards and adjustments caused by amendments reflect the development trends of green buildings. Combing the domestic and foreign green building assessment systems and the analysis of score items in the LEED certification process of project cases, green industrial building implementation strategies can obtain, which can meet green indicators such as environmental protection and energy saving and create a better environment for use.
With the development of industrial buildings, the necessity of implementing the green building concepts throughout the life cycle of industrial buildings is more and more important. Different assessment systems have various focuses in the process of engineering design, construction, subsequent operation and maintenance. The differences in assessment standards and adjustments caused by amendments reflect the development trends of green buildings. Combing the domestic and foreign green building assessment systems and the analysis of score items in the LEED certification process of project cases, green industrial building implementation strategies can obtain, which can meet green indicators such as environmental protection and energy saving and create a better environment for use.
2020, 50(7): 181-189.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19112913
Abstract:
The prefabricated wall structure is the main structural form of industrialized residential buildings. The connection technique for prefabricated components has a significant effect on structural performance. The new connection technique with horizontal and vertical joints were summarized. According to the different connection mechanisms, the introduction is from the perspective of strong connections and earthquake-resilience connections. The basic structure, stress mechanism, seismic performance and related deepening studies of different connections are described. The emphasis was on the new type of bolt connection, earthquake-resilience connections of horizontal joints and energy-dissipation connections for vertical joints. The characteristics and existing problems of different connections were analyzed. The development trend of connection technology for prefabricated wall structure was summarized, and future research directions and issues that need to be further addressed were discussed.
The prefabricated wall structure is the main structural form of industrialized residential buildings. The connection technique for prefabricated components has a significant effect on structural performance. The new connection technique with horizontal and vertical joints were summarized. According to the different connection mechanisms, the introduction is from the perspective of strong connections and earthquake-resilience connections. The basic structure, stress mechanism, seismic performance and related deepening studies of different connections are described. The emphasis was on the new type of bolt connection, earthquake-resilience connections of horizontal joints and energy-dissipation connections for vertical joints. The characteristics and existing problems of different connections were analyzed. The development trend of connection technology for prefabricated wall structure was summarized, and future research directions and issues that need to be further addressed were discussed.
2020, 50(7): 190-197,40.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19081404
Abstract:
Lighting, energy consumption, ventilation, and noise analysis are the keys to green building evaluation. The combination of BIM technology and green building analysis software can give full play to the informational advantages of the BIM model and quickly analyze green building evaluation information. Based on China's green building evaluation standards, combining BIM with green analysis software quantifiable calculation and analysis factors, an evaluation index system was constructed, which including green lighting, energy consumption, ventilation, and noise was constructed, the green evaluation methods and evaluation standards were formulated. For the meteorological characteristics of Wuhan area, the West Twelfth Teaching Building of Huazhong University of Science and Technology was taken as an example. A BIM model with Revit software was established, and the gbXML format file was imported into the green building analysis software Ecotect for comprehensive analysis from four aspects of lighting, energy consumption, ventilation and noise comprehensive analysis of aspects, the final result of green evaluation was excellent. Comparing the analysis results with the actual situation, the interoperability problems between Revit software and the green building analysis software Ecotect were analyzed specifically. The types of content lost in the process of information transmission and their impact on the results were also analyzed, and some specific solutions and suggestions were proposed for green architectural design and analysis.
Lighting, energy consumption, ventilation, and noise analysis are the keys to green building evaluation. The combination of BIM technology and green building analysis software can give full play to the informational advantages of the BIM model and quickly analyze green building evaluation information. Based on China's green building evaluation standards, combining BIM with green analysis software quantifiable calculation and analysis factors, an evaluation index system was constructed, which including green lighting, energy consumption, ventilation, and noise was constructed, the green evaluation methods and evaluation standards were formulated. For the meteorological characteristics of Wuhan area, the West Twelfth Teaching Building of Huazhong University of Science and Technology was taken as an example. A BIM model with Revit software was established, and the gbXML format file was imported into the green building analysis software Ecotect for comprehensive analysis from four aspects of lighting, energy consumption, ventilation and noise comprehensive analysis of aspects, the final result of green evaluation was excellent. Comparing the analysis results with the actual situation, the interoperability problems between Revit software and the green building analysis software Ecotect were analyzed specifically. The types of content lost in the process of information transmission and their impact on the results were also analyzed, and some specific solutions and suggestions were proposed for green architectural design and analysis.
2020, 50(7): 198-203.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjzG19112901
Abstract:
Europe is the forefront of combining ecological building development concepts with practices, especially in Britain and Germany. Through field investigating on the Law Faculty, University of Cambridge, Norddeutsche Landesbank and BedZED, the paper analyzed the ecological strategies and it's applications in building design, explored the new language patterns of modern ecological building, and analyzed the adaptive design method that respects the environment, so as to provide a reference to the new mode and mechanism of localized application of modern ecological building construction technique in China.
Europe is the forefront of combining ecological building development concepts with practices, especially in Britain and Germany. Through field investigating on the Law Faculty, University of Cambridge, Norddeutsche Landesbank and BedZED, the paper analyzed the ecological strategies and it's applications in building design, explored the new language patterns of modern ecological building, and analyzed the adaptive design method that respects the environment, so as to provide a reference to the new mode and mechanism of localized application of modern ecological building construction technique in China.
