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2015 Vol. 45, No. 7
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2015, 45(7): 1-7.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507001
Abstract:
Microbial induced carbonate precipitation，an advance of biomineralization has become a focus of many geotechnical and material studies． The bio-mediated process differs from the pure chemical reaction processes for carbonate production as its reaction speed and induced carbonate properties can be controlled for the cementation and sealing purposes in civil engineering． Under certain circumstances such microbial induced carbonate can be an alternative solution to the cement，lime and epoxy materials． Chinese researchers have carried out a lot of work for the innovative technology，mainly dealing with its engineering applications． However，fundamental research on biochemo- physical mechanism underlying the technology is inadequate． The paper was based up on reviewing different fundamental mechanisms in geo-material porous media reported in publications both at home and abroad，as well as to promote the fundamental studies of the newly emerging subject．
Microbial induced carbonate precipitation，an advance of biomineralization has become a focus of many geotechnical and material studies． The bio-mediated process differs from the pure chemical reaction processes for carbonate production as its reaction speed and induced carbonate properties can be controlled for the cementation and sealing purposes in civil engineering． Under certain circumstances such microbial induced carbonate can be an alternative solution to the cement，lime and epoxy materials． Chinese researchers have carried out a lot of work for the innovative technology，mainly dealing with its engineering applications． However，fundamental research on biochemo- physical mechanism underlying the technology is inadequate． The paper was based up on reviewing different fundamental mechanisms in geo-material porous media reported in publications both at home and abroad，as well as to promote the fundamental studies of the newly emerging subject．
2015, 45(7): 8-12.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507002
Abstract:
The latest progresses of biomineralization showed that some kinds of microbes could induce calcium carbonate quickly by using the ambient urea and calcium ion source． These calcium carbonate crystals could be used as binders to bind loose sands to artifical stones whose strength and permeability could be controlled． In the author's research，22 strains producing urease were isolated from soils，including four strains producing high activity urease， which had ability to induce calcium carbonate precipitation． They respectively belonged to Bacillus and Sporosarcina genus by identification of 16S rDNA． Sand column grouting was tested by each stain respectively，the results showed that uniaxial compressive strength of these sand columns were between 0. 2 to 2. 4 MPa which would have application potential in treatment of foundations．
The latest progresses of biomineralization showed that some kinds of microbes could induce calcium carbonate quickly by using the ambient urea and calcium ion source． These calcium carbonate crystals could be used as binders to bind loose sands to artifical stones whose strength and permeability could be controlled． In the author's research，22 strains producing urease were isolated from soils，including four strains producing high activity urease， which had ability to induce calcium carbonate precipitation． They respectively belonged to Bacillus and Sporosarcina genus by identification of 16S rDNA． Sand column grouting was tested by each stain respectively，the results showed that uniaxial compressive strength of these sand columns were between 0. 2 to 2. 4 MPa which would have application potential in treatment of foundations．
2015, 45(7): 13-18.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507003
Abstract:
Microbial-induced clogging is a method of leakage repair，with which the composition of strains in a soil can be changed through induction of microbes，thus changing the produced metabolites，which can finally change the permeability of the soil and stop the seepages of grounds． This technology has been successfully applied to the leakage repair of some underground seepage control projects，such as tunnel，storage facilities． But the technology still belongs to an empirical technique，the mechanism of the series of chemical biology reactions and the relationship between microbiology and soil need to be studied． In the study，nutrient solutions were injected into sand columns with leakage and the mechanism of clogging，the number of microorganisms and change in microbial communities in different locations of individual sand columns were analyzed．
Microbial-induced clogging is a method of leakage repair，with which the composition of strains in a soil can be changed through induction of microbes，thus changing the produced metabolites，which can finally change the permeability of the soil and stop the seepages of grounds． This technology has been successfully applied to the leakage repair of some underground seepage control projects，such as tunnel，storage facilities． But the technology still belongs to an empirical technique，the mechanism of the series of chemical biology reactions and the relationship between microbiology and soil need to be studied． In the study，nutrient solutions were injected into sand columns with leakage and the mechanism of clogging，the number of microorganisms and change in microbial communities in different locations of individual sand columns were analyzed．
2015, 45(7): 19-22.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507004
Abstract:
Microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation ( MICP) is a new in situ grouting technology． It can improve the flow characteristics of liquefiable sandy soil through microbial and calcium salt reaction and become calcium carbonate precipitation． Ammonium ( NH4 + ) ，as an important factor of characterizing CaCO3 crystallizing process，can fully reflect the effect of treatment on liquefiable sand． In this paper，aerobic Sporosarcina pasteurii was used，the mixed solution ( urea and three calcium salts solution) was selected as bacteria solution and nutritive salt solution respectively，and NH4 + characterization on microbial solidification process was also studied． The results showed that changes of NH4 + concentration could characterize the effect of MICP on liquefiable sand improvement． Among Ca( CH3COO) 2 ，Ca ( NO3 ) 2 and CaCl2 solution，the former was the best． The amount of nutrient salt consumption also significantly improved the solidification effect of liquefied sand，which was verified by the estimated permeability of samples and ultrasonic experiments after solidification．
Microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation ( MICP) is a new in situ grouting technology． It can improve the flow characteristics of liquefiable sandy soil through microbial and calcium salt reaction and become calcium carbonate precipitation． Ammonium ( NH4 + ) ，as an important factor of characterizing CaCO3 crystallizing process，can fully reflect the effect of treatment on liquefiable sand． In this paper，aerobic Sporosarcina pasteurii was used，the mixed solution ( urea and three calcium salts solution) was selected as bacteria solution and nutritive salt solution respectively，and NH4 + characterization on microbial solidification process was also studied． The results showed that changes of NH4 + concentration could characterize the effect of MICP on liquefiable sand improvement． Among Ca( CH3COO) 2 ，Ca ( NO3 ) 2 and CaCl2 solution，the former was the best． The amount of nutrient salt consumption also significantly improved the solidification effect of liquefied sand，which was verified by the estimated permeability of samples and ultrasonic experiments after solidification．
2015, 45(7): 23-27.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507005
Abstract:
Liquefication can be induced by seism and cyclic other loading action in sand ground，which would lead catastrophic damages． Correlational studies have great significance to the engineering and theory． The study was attempted to improve sandy soil by the novel MICP technology and to conduct consolidated undrained triaxial tests as well as dynamic triaxial tests to study the mechanical properties，which showed that the existence of microbially induced carbonate precipitation could improve the strength resisting liquefaction of sandy soil． Numerical simulation was carried out based on the TTS constitutive model，proving that model could describe the constitutive relation for both sandy soil and the one improved by MICP in the unit scale．
Liquefication can be induced by seism and cyclic other loading action in sand ground，which would lead catastrophic damages． Correlational studies have great significance to the engineering and theory． The study was attempted to improve sandy soil by the novel MICP technology and to conduct consolidated undrained triaxial tests as well as dynamic triaxial tests to study the mechanical properties，which showed that the existence of microbially induced carbonate precipitation could improve the strength resisting liquefaction of sandy soil． Numerical simulation was carried out based on the TTS constitutive model，proving that model could describe the constitutive relation for both sandy soil and the one improved by MICP in the unit scale．
2015, 45(7): 28-30.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507006
Abstract:
Microbially induced carbonate precipitation ( MICP) is a novel ground treatment solution． In the past，the solution was always injected into saturated sandy soil; however recently，researchers have discovered that the effect and position of the CaCO3 bonding the sand would be different changing with different injection method，and they had great impact in the strength and homogeneity of treated samples． Reverse injection saturated method and unsaturated percolation method were compared． Scanning electron microscope ( SEM) and unconfined compression strength ( UCS) tests were used to estimate the behavior of the samples． The results showed that the samples treated with the unsaturated percolation method had superior quality( an average UCS of ( 19. 7 5. 86) MPa) than the ones treated with the reverse injection saturated method( ( 15. 1 5. 73) MPa) ．
Microbially induced carbonate precipitation ( MICP) is a novel ground treatment solution． In the past，the solution was always injected into saturated sandy soil; however recently，researchers have discovered that the effect and position of the CaCO3 bonding the sand would be different changing with different injection method，and they had great impact in the strength and homogeneity of treated samples． Reverse injection saturated method and unsaturated percolation method were compared． Scanning electron microscope ( SEM) and unconfined compression strength ( UCS) tests were used to estimate the behavior of the samples． The results showed that the samples treated with the unsaturated percolation method had superior quality( an average UCS of ( 19. 7 5. 86) MPa) than the ones treated with the reverse injection saturated method( ( 15. 1 5. 73) MPa) ．
2015, 45(7): 31-35.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507007
Abstract:
Biogrout method is a new kind of method for soil reinforcement，which is based on the microbial mineralization． In the process，the bacterial cells and the nutrient solution are grouted into the porous material， inducing the calcium carbonate precipitation which forms cementation among particles，thus improving the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the treated material． This paper mainly investigated the modification in the hydraulic properties of the biochemical treated sand column，including the porosity and permeability changing along the whole column，through the one dimensional finite-element simulation of grouting process． The simulated results were compared with the test results． The result showed that biogrout could decrease the porosity and permeability coefficient of the treated sand column to a certain extent，but with a significant inhomogeneity． And the simulated changing trends in porosity showed a good agreement with the test，but there was a big difference between the simulation and the experiment of the change in the permeability coefficient．
Biogrout method is a new kind of method for soil reinforcement，which is based on the microbial mineralization． In the process，the bacterial cells and the nutrient solution are grouted into the porous material， inducing the calcium carbonate precipitation which forms cementation among particles，thus improving the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the treated material． This paper mainly investigated the modification in the hydraulic properties of the biochemical treated sand column，including the porosity and permeability changing along the whole column，through the one dimensional finite-element simulation of grouting process． The simulated results were compared with the test results． The result showed that biogrout could decrease the porosity and permeability coefficient of the treated sand column to a certain extent，but with a significant inhomogeneity． And the simulated changing trends in porosity showed a good agreement with the test，but there was a big difference between the simulation and the experiment of the change in the permeability coefficient．
2015, 45(7): 36-41.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507008
Abstract:
It was reviewed the state-of-art of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation ( MICP) technology for cracks repair and surface deposition of cement-based materials． The bacteria ( Sporosarcina pasteurii) and nutrient solution with three types of calcium sources were used to remedy the cracks with the width of 0. 2 to 0. 4 mm in the pie-shaped cement mortar samples by daubing bacteria and injecting nutrient salts，whose average flexural strength after treatment was about 200 kPa; a deposition was made on the surface of the cement mortar block by brushing bacteria and nutrient solution，whose water absorption was decreased by about 10%． The test results showed that the different calcium sources had the same effect on the flexural strength and water absorption．
It was reviewed the state-of-art of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation ( MICP) technology for cracks repair and surface deposition of cement-based materials． The bacteria ( Sporosarcina pasteurii) and nutrient solution with three types of calcium sources were used to remedy the cracks with the width of 0. 2 to 0. 4 mm in the pie-shaped cement mortar samples by daubing bacteria and injecting nutrient salts，whose average flexural strength after treatment was about 200 kPa; a deposition was made on the surface of the cement mortar block by brushing bacteria and nutrient solution，whose water absorption was decreased by about 10%． The test results showed that the different calcium sources had the same effect on the flexural strength and water absorption．
2015, 45(7): 42-47.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507009
Abstract:
The bacteria Sporosarcina pasteurii ( S． p) solution and the urease of S． p was added into the cement mortar． The urea-calcium acetate solution，bacterial culture medium and water were used to cure specimens． The uniaxial compressive test，the split tensile strength test and freeze-thaw cycling test were carried out to study the changes of their strength and durability ． The mercury intrusion porosimeter was used to understand the microstructure of microbial cement mortar． The results showed that the microbial cement mortar had an increase in strength，the highest compressive strength increased by 47. 22%，the highest tensile strength increased by 60. 39%． In addition， the microbial cement mortar specimen cured in water had an excellent performance in freeze-thaw cycle test．
The bacteria Sporosarcina pasteurii ( S． p) solution and the urease of S． p was added into the cement mortar． The urea-calcium acetate solution，bacterial culture medium and water were used to cure specimens． The uniaxial compressive test，the split tensile strength test and freeze-thaw cycling test were carried out to study the changes of their strength and durability ． The mercury intrusion porosimeter was used to understand the microstructure of microbial cement mortar． The results showed that the microbial cement mortar had an increase in strength，the highest compressive strength increased by 47. 22%，the highest tensile strength increased by 60. 39%． In addition， the microbial cement mortar specimen cured in water had an excellent performance in freeze-thaw cycle test．
2015, 45(7): 48-53.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507010
Abstract:
Microbial grouting reinforcement to repair the deterioration of masonry structures involves injecting microorganisms and nutrient solution ( a cementation solution) into existing granular system pores to induce the generated calcium carbonate cementation to form a microbial mortar of certain strength． Microbial grouting reinforcement is used when traditional grouting materials，such as lime，cement and epoxy，cannot be employed． The effects of the main factors on the strength formation of microbial mortar were systematically studied through the simplified laboratory and in-situ models． Thus，the methods for strengthening all sorts of deteriorated masonries by high-strength microbial mortar could be optimized，which would provide a basis for the using of microbial grouting technique in high-quality reinforcement of historical masonry buildings．
Microbial grouting reinforcement to repair the deterioration of masonry structures involves injecting microorganisms and nutrient solution ( a cementation solution) into existing granular system pores to induce the generated calcium carbonate cementation to form a microbial mortar of certain strength． Microbial grouting reinforcement is used when traditional grouting materials，such as lime，cement and epoxy，cannot be employed． The effects of the main factors on the strength formation of microbial mortar were systematically studied through the simplified laboratory and in-situ models． Thus，the methods for strengthening all sorts of deteriorated masonries by high-strength microbial mortar could be optimized，which would provide a basis for the using of microbial grouting technique in high-quality reinforcement of historical masonry buildings．
2015, 45(7): 54-57.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507011
Abstract:
It is still not mature that the design theory and practice of aged care facilities of indemnificatory community． After analysing the research directions at home and abroad，by view ofcommunity caretheory and based on investigation on the current situation and problems of Guangzhou's indemnificatory community，how to construct a adaptable criterion of facilities for caring the elders by the requirement of industized developing was discussed． The ideas that the elderly life style and rating of needs for establishing construction criterion of aged care facilities and modularity approach for space disposition were presented，it was expected to adapt to the diversification and individuality of aged care requirements and to reach optimization of resources allocation．
It is still not mature that the design theory and practice of aged care facilities of indemnificatory community． After analysing the research directions at home and abroad，by view ofcommunity caretheory and based on investigation on the current situation and problems of Guangzhou's indemnificatory community，how to construct a adaptable criterion of facilities for caring the elders by the requirement of industized developing was discussed． The ideas that the elderly life style and rating of needs for establishing construction criterion of aged care facilities and modularity approach for space disposition were presented，it was expected to adapt to the diversification and individuality of aged care requirements and to reach optimization of resources allocation．
2015, 45(7): 58-61.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507012
Abstract:
As a clean renewable energy，through series of studies on multiple utilization processes of the wind energy with in the different stages of urban developments，a kind of facility calledwind wallbeing used to efficiently turn wind energy can be better explicated． And through large amounts of studies and improvements，it can be well integrated into the framework of urban space and become a reliable city landscape． The article not only offered key scientific evidences to further studying renewable energies，but also provided a series of strong empirical analyses of quality energy-conversion products that would be introduced into urban life for further easing the global energy crisis．
As a clean renewable energy，through series of studies on multiple utilization processes of the wind energy with in the different stages of urban developments，a kind of facility calledwind wallbeing used to efficiently turn wind energy can be better explicated． And through large amounts of studies and improvements，it can be well integrated into the framework of urban space and become a reliable city landscape． The article not only offered key scientific evidences to further studying renewable energies，but also provided a series of strong empirical analyses of quality energy-conversion products that would be introduced into urban life for further easing the global energy crisis．
2015, 45(7): 62-67.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507013
Abstract:
Huizhou ancient stage is an important and special type of Huizhou ancient architecture，it has witnessed drama from production，development to glory in China，and also has reflected the accomplishments and achievements of Huizhou history，culture and art of architecture． China's Ming and Qing Dynasties were the second golden age of dramatic development，enjoying the plays became popular entertainment lifestyle in Huizhou region，with the corresponding ancient stage architectures being quite flourishing． Up to now， the retained have been fairly representative． Based on investigation of 11 traditional ancient stage buildings in Huizhou region of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and consulting a lot of literatures，the paper analysed and researched the traditional ancient stage buildings with emphasis on preservation condition，planning and site selection，typical examples and building type，in order to rich the content of Huizhou ancient architectures，while provide the real example for the study of Huizhou architecture typology，Huizhou culture and Chinese theater history．
Huizhou ancient stage is an important and special type of Huizhou ancient architecture，it has witnessed drama from production，development to glory in China，and also has reflected the accomplishments and achievements of Huizhou history，culture and art of architecture． China's Ming and Qing Dynasties were the second golden age of dramatic development，enjoying the plays became popular entertainment lifestyle in Huizhou region，with the corresponding ancient stage architectures being quite flourishing． Up to now， the retained have been fairly representative． Based on investigation of 11 traditional ancient stage buildings in Huizhou region of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and consulting a lot of literatures，the paper analysed and researched the traditional ancient stage buildings with emphasis on preservation condition，planning and site selection，typical examples and building type，in order to rich the content of Huizhou ancient architectures，while provide the real example for the study of Huizhou architecture typology，Huizhou culture and Chinese theater history．
2015, 45(7): 68-71.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507014
Abstract:
Industrial tourism，has increasingly become an emerging tourism type． To be a tourism destination has become an object to many industrial enterprise in reform and transformation． However，it has been engulfed by obstacles of lacking in diversified entertainment facilities and affiliated service system，etc． The positioning of core functions，creation of integrated projects and coordination of resources for a tourism and leisure complex were pointed in trend of transformation from singularity to complexity，taking Hushan Paper Mill in Jiangxi for example and how to build a tourism complex of sustainability through the extension and integration of resources and the development of diversified entertainment products was also presented．
Industrial tourism，has increasingly become an emerging tourism type． To be a tourism destination has become an object to many industrial enterprise in reform and transformation． However，it has been engulfed by obstacles of lacking in diversified entertainment facilities and affiliated service system，etc． The positioning of core functions，creation of integrated projects and coordination of resources for a tourism and leisure complex were pointed in trend of transformation from singularity to complexity，taking Hushan Paper Mill in Jiangxi for example and how to build a tourism complex of sustainability through the extension and integration of resources and the development of diversified entertainment products was also presented．
2015, 45(7): 76-78.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507016
Abstract:
Value evaluation is a guarantee for the protection of reuse of industrial heritages，but there are many problems between them on the coordination． In order to make the value of industrial heritage continue to be alive， based on the instances of the protection and reuse of Qingdao industrial heritages，this paper found out the coordination problems and performance between them，emphatically analyzed the subjective and objective reasons of the coordination problems，and tried to explore the way to solve the problems．
Value evaluation is a guarantee for the protection of reuse of industrial heritages，but there are many problems between them on the coordination． In order to make the value of industrial heritage continue to be alive， based on the instances of the protection and reuse of Qingdao industrial heritages，this paper found out the coordination problems and performance between them，emphatically analyzed the subjective and objective reasons of the coordination problems，and tried to explore the way to solve the problems．
2015, 45(7): 79-83.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507017
Abstract:
Design value method based on probability is a new one for structural reliability design proposed in international standard． Compared with current partial factors method，it possesses better flexibility and generality， representing the development of reliability design method． However，the values of their standard sensitive coefficients which are operative and determine the control precision of reliability were set by experiences at all，leading to rather conservative design results． According to the theoretical expressions of basic variables design values，the optimal sensitive coefficients and reliability control mode were analyzed and determined by use of analytic method，and the unified standard sensitive coefficients applicable to either safety and serviceability design were put forwards，which improved evidently the control precision of reliability，and could determine clearly the scope of relative error of reliability index，laying a foundation for setting the practice design value method based on probability．
Design value method based on probability is a new one for structural reliability design proposed in international standard． Compared with current partial factors method，it possesses better flexibility and generality， representing the development of reliability design method． However，the values of their standard sensitive coefficients which are operative and determine the control precision of reliability were set by experiences at all，leading to rather conservative design results． According to the theoretical expressions of basic variables design values，the optimal sensitive coefficients and reliability control mode were analyzed and determined by use of analytic method，and the unified standard sensitive coefficients applicable to either safety and serviceability design were put forwards，which improved evidently the control precision of reliability，and could determine clearly the scope of relative error of reliability index，laying a foundation for setting the practice design value method based on probability．
2015, 45(7): 84-88.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507018
Abstract:
In this paper，a wind disaster vulnerability analysis of a cat-head-shaped transmission tower based on probability reliability was presented． The diagrams of the wind disaster vulnerability of the transmission tower in different damage state were drawn． Based on the analysis of the wind disaster vulnerability of the transmission tower in two direction，it is clear that the structural response and the structural bearing capacity follow a log normal distribution． And the tower can easily be damaged by the strong wind．
In this paper，a wind disaster vulnerability analysis of a cat-head-shaped transmission tower based on probability reliability was presented． The diagrams of the wind disaster vulnerability of the transmission tower in different damage state were drawn． Based on the analysis of the wind disaster vulnerability of the transmission tower in two direction，it is clear that the structural response and the structural bearing capacity follow a log normal distribution． And the tower can easily be damaged by the strong wind．
2015, 45(7): 89-94.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507019
Abstract:
In order to study the filled with wall material mechanical properties of recycled aggregate and strength degradation rule in disaster ( flood，fire) environment，five-factor and four-level orthogonal test methods were used to do mix combination design of filling wall materials with recycled aggregate． The mechanical tests of 144 specimens in three environments ( dried at room temperature，flooding，fire) were completed，based on the test data，the actions of influence factors of filling wall materials of recycled aggregate and the difference among the levels of relations in-depth analysis． The results showed that water-cement ratio had the most obvious effect on the mechanical properties of recycled materials under three cases． The strength of the recycled aggregate fill wall material under disaster environment was low than that in a normal environment． Soaking the specimen softening coefficient was improved as brick powder dosage reduction，but the softening coefficient of the fired recycled wall material had a significant decrease with a decrease in brick powder content．
In order to study the filled with wall material mechanical properties of recycled aggregate and strength degradation rule in disaster ( flood，fire) environment，five-factor and four-level orthogonal test methods were used to do mix combination design of filling wall materials with recycled aggregate． The mechanical tests of 144 specimens in three environments ( dried at room temperature，flooding，fire) were completed，based on the test data，the actions of influence factors of filling wall materials of recycled aggregate and the difference among the levels of relations in-depth analysis． The results showed that water-cement ratio had the most obvious effect on the mechanical properties of recycled materials under three cases． The strength of the recycled aggregate fill wall material under disaster environment was low than that in a normal environment． Soaking the specimen softening coefficient was improved as brick powder dosage reduction，but the softening coefficient of the fired recycled wall material had a significant decrease with a decrease in brick powder content．
2015, 45(7): 95-101.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507020
Abstract:
To research the fatigue behavior of the prestressed concrete beams with pretensioned bent-up tendons，2 prestressed concrete beams ( span = 7. 5 m) with pretensioned bent-up tendons were designed and made，and the fatigue behavior test and the last statical test after their fatigue behavior test were carried out under different upperlimit and lower-limit bending moment． It was proved by the experimental result that the concrete strain basically agreed with the plane cross-section assumption in the whole experimental process，the residual bearing capacity was not affected by the loading history，the bearing capacity and the crack width still could be calculated by the formulas stipulated in the code，and the fatigue behavior of the beam was excellent． The formulas where compressive strain of the beam top，strand，the fatigue stress amplitude of nonprestressed reinforcement and fatigue stress ratio were changed with the loading cycles were fitted，and it can be referenced for developing numerical analysis software of the behavior of the prestressed concrete beams with pretensioned bent-up tendons and the fatigue behavior analysis in the engineering application．
To research the fatigue behavior of the prestressed concrete beams with pretensioned bent-up tendons，2 prestressed concrete beams ( span = 7. 5 m) with pretensioned bent-up tendons were designed and made，and the fatigue behavior test and the last statical test after their fatigue behavior test were carried out under different upperlimit and lower-limit bending moment． It was proved by the experimental result that the concrete strain basically agreed with the plane cross-section assumption in the whole experimental process，the residual bearing capacity was not affected by the loading history，the bearing capacity and the crack width still could be calculated by the formulas stipulated in the code，and the fatigue behavior of the beam was excellent． The formulas where compressive strain of the beam top，strand，the fatigue stress amplitude of nonprestressed reinforcement and fatigue stress ratio were changed with the loading cycles were fitted，and it can be referenced for developing numerical analysis software of the behavior of the prestressed concrete beams with pretensioned bent-up tendons and the fatigue behavior analysis in the engineering application．
2015, 45(7): 102-107.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507021
Abstract:
The characteristics of elastic response spectra and hysteretic energy spectra for two kinds of near-fault ground motions were analyzied whose results were compared with the ones for general ground motions． It was concluded that the effects of the said two motions on the acceleration response，dynamic response， velocity response， displacement response and hysteretic energy influence of medium-to-long period structures were all greater than those of general ground motions． And the displacement response for fling-step-type ground motions is significantly greater than the forward directivity ground motions． Finally，a correlation analysis of 20 intensity indices for two kinds of nearfault ground motions were separately conducted． It was recognized that the peak ground acceleration( PGA) index was advised to analyze short-period structures， and the peak ground velocity( PGV) index was advised to analyze mediumto- long period structures．
The characteristics of elastic response spectra and hysteretic energy spectra for two kinds of near-fault ground motions were analyzied whose results were compared with the ones for general ground motions． It was concluded that the effects of the said two motions on the acceleration response，dynamic response， velocity response， displacement response and hysteretic energy influence of medium-to-long period structures were all greater than those of general ground motions． And the displacement response for fling-step-type ground motions is significantly greater than the forward directivity ground motions． Finally，a correlation analysis of 20 intensity indices for two kinds of nearfault ground motions were separately conducted． It was recognized that the peak ground acceleration( PGA) index was advised to analyze short-period structures， and the peak ground velocity( PGV) index was advised to analyze mediumto- long period structures．
2015, 45(7): 108-112.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507022
Abstract:
The constitutive relationship of soil aroud pile was described by fractional derivative viscoelastic model， and the pile-soil dynamic torsional interaction was modeled by equivalent torsional Winkler spring-damper，and the stiffness and damping coefficients of equivalent torsional Winkler spring-damper model of fractional derivative viscoelastic soil were obtained with the method of separation of variables． By considering the boundary conditions，the torsional complex stiffness at pile head was also got by the transfer matrix method． It was investigated the influence of model parameters of fractional derivative viscoelastic model and the parameters of pile and soil on the torsional complex stiffness at pile head by means of numerical example． The result indicated that the order of fractional derivative had a certain effect on torsional complex stiffness，while，the influence of embedded depth of the pile and the modulus ratio on torsional complex stiffness was great，and the influence of embedded depth of the pile on torsional complex stiffness has a certain relationship of the length of the exposed part of the pile． The effect of constitutive model parameters on the pile stiffness was more complex， the equivalent damping would be negative when the viscous terms of constitutive model was large．
The constitutive relationship of soil aroud pile was described by fractional derivative viscoelastic model， and the pile-soil dynamic torsional interaction was modeled by equivalent torsional Winkler spring-damper，and the stiffness and damping coefficients of equivalent torsional Winkler spring-damper model of fractional derivative viscoelastic soil were obtained with the method of separation of variables． By considering the boundary conditions，the torsional complex stiffness at pile head was also got by the transfer matrix method． It was investigated the influence of model parameters of fractional derivative viscoelastic model and the parameters of pile and soil on the torsional complex stiffness at pile head by means of numerical example． The result indicated that the order of fractional derivative had a certain effect on torsional complex stiffness，while，the influence of embedded depth of the pile and the modulus ratio on torsional complex stiffness was great，and the influence of embedded depth of the pile on torsional complex stiffness has a certain relationship of the length of the exposed part of the pile． The effect of constitutive model parameters on the pile stiffness was more complex， the equivalent damping would be negative when the viscous terms of constitutive model was large．
2015, 45(7): 113-117.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507023
Abstract:
Under high temperature，mechanical properties of the concrete structure，especially the tensile strength， would be seriously deteriorated in fire fighting． In order to study the effect of different temperature and cooling mode on splitting tensile strength of concrete materials，the common commercial concrete C35 specimens were heated at high temperature，300，600，800 ℃ respectively． Then，the rule and the cause of the physical and chemical change of these specimens were observed and analyzed with water cooling and natural cooling respectively． Finally keeping the specimens for more than 3 weeks，and the Brazilian disc splitting test was carried out． The result showed that the water cooling and high temperature greatly affected the physical and chemical feature of the concrete specimen also and their splitting tensile strength，and as the temperature increased，the effect of water cooling was more obvious than natural cooling． Mainly in the temperature of over 300 ℃，the decline degree of the tensile strength of specimens caused by water cooling was obviously larger than natural cooling． Based on the test result，the temperature and cooling damage equation was constituted，and the corresponding feature parameter was determined．
Under high temperature，mechanical properties of the concrete structure，especially the tensile strength， would be seriously deteriorated in fire fighting． In order to study the effect of different temperature and cooling mode on splitting tensile strength of concrete materials，the common commercial concrete C35 specimens were heated at high temperature，300，600，800 ℃ respectively． Then，the rule and the cause of the physical and chemical change of these specimens were observed and analyzed with water cooling and natural cooling respectively． Finally keeping the specimens for more than 3 weeks，and the Brazilian disc splitting test was carried out． The result showed that the water cooling and high temperature greatly affected the physical and chemical feature of the concrete specimen also and their splitting tensile strength，and as the temperature increased，the effect of water cooling was more obvious than natural cooling． Mainly in the temperature of over 300 ℃，the decline degree of the tensile strength of specimens caused by water cooling was obviously larger than natural cooling． Based on the test result，the temperature and cooling damage equation was constituted，and the corresponding feature parameter was determined．
2015, 45(7): 118-121.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507024
Abstract:
The carbon fiber conductive concrete ( CFCC) is a new material with extensive application prospect in the airport pavement deicing． Whereas，cracks in CFCC have a serious influence on the properties of its conductivity． The concrete proportioning design of CFCC in this paper is based on the requirement of airport pavement． Through experimental study，the appropriate dosage of carbon fiber was determined and the relationship between the crack width and the conductive property of CFCC was made． The research showed that the CFCC resistance change rate with the increase of crack width was a linear relation at first，and then rose significantly after a critical crack width，which was defined as the effective conducting critical width of CFCC． According to the test，whose value was about 0. 65 mm especially for airport deicing CFCC．
The carbon fiber conductive concrete ( CFCC) is a new material with extensive application prospect in the airport pavement deicing． Whereas，cracks in CFCC have a serious influence on the properties of its conductivity． The concrete proportioning design of CFCC in this paper is based on the requirement of airport pavement． Through experimental study，the appropriate dosage of carbon fiber was determined and the relationship between the crack width and the conductive property of CFCC was made． The research showed that the CFCC resistance change rate with the increase of crack width was a linear relation at first，and then rose significantly after a critical crack width，which was defined as the effective conducting critical width of CFCC． According to the test，whose value was about 0. 65 mm especially for airport deicing CFCC．
2015, 45(7): 122-125.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507025
Abstract:
Half-cell potential method was employed to detect the corrosion of studs in steel-concrete composite structures after natural exposure in air for 7 years，which had experienced mechanical test． It was explored the applicability of ASTM C876 based on destructive test ． The influence of the electrode distance，the wetness degree of concrete surface，the thickness of concrete cover and the rebar mat on the electrochemical potential of studs was preliminarily studied． The results showed that the electrode distance did not affect the stud potential when the concrete surface fully wetted． However，the wetness degree and the thickness of concrete cover had a remarkable effect on the studs' potential． The influence of rebar mat needs further study． Based on the results obtained by nondestructive and destructive tests，it is concluded that the ASTM C876 method is still applicable to judge the corrosion state of studs in the composite structures．
Half-cell potential method was employed to detect the corrosion of studs in steel-concrete composite structures after natural exposure in air for 7 years，which had experienced mechanical test． It was explored the applicability of ASTM C876 based on destructive test ． The influence of the electrode distance，the wetness degree of concrete surface，the thickness of concrete cover and the rebar mat on the electrochemical potential of studs was preliminarily studied． The results showed that the electrode distance did not affect the stud potential when the concrete surface fully wetted． However，the wetness degree and the thickness of concrete cover had a remarkable effect on the studs' potential． The influence of rebar mat needs further study． Based on the results obtained by nondestructive and destructive tests，it is concluded that the ASTM C876 method is still applicable to judge the corrosion state of studs in the composite structures．
2015, 45(7): 126-131.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507026
Abstract:
Prestress technology is widely applied in simple beam，continuous beam and continuous rigid frame． Prestressed concrete continuous box girder has big torsion stiffness，big bearing load and good integrality，which is often used for large span，large load and complicated curved bridges． Taking the continuous box girder of Xuankou Bridge as the research object，the theoretical formula deduction，sensitivity analysis and methods of tension control technology were used to study the steel strand tension control stress，elongation and tension control technology． The deduction of theoretical formula shows that tension control elongation is influenced by stretching control stress，length of steel strand，steel strand elastic modulus and embedded pipe etc． Sensitivity analysis shows that tension control stress is the most sensitive factor that affects the prestress． Steel strand tension tests show that elongation error between the measured results and theoretical results can meet the standard，can be reliably applied in the prestressed structure．
Prestress technology is widely applied in simple beam，continuous beam and continuous rigid frame． Prestressed concrete continuous box girder has big torsion stiffness，big bearing load and good integrality，which is often used for large span，large load and complicated curved bridges． Taking the continuous box girder of Xuankou Bridge as the research object，the theoretical formula deduction，sensitivity analysis and methods of tension control technology were used to study the steel strand tension control stress，elongation and tension control technology． The deduction of theoretical formula shows that tension control elongation is influenced by stretching control stress，length of steel strand，steel strand elastic modulus and embedded pipe etc． Sensitivity analysis shows that tension control stress is the most sensitive factor that affects the prestress． Steel strand tension tests show that elongation error between the measured results and theoretical results can meet the standard，can be reliably applied in the prestressed structure．
2015, 45(7): 132-137.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507027
Abstract:
The full-scale test of the truss with rotary dish-type fastener was carried out． Based on the test numerical model of the truss with rotary dish-type fastener，the three dimension finite element model was established and the finite element analysis was carried on by finite element software． It indicated that the truss had higher strength，the stress and displacement of the truss present symmetric，the connecting gap of the chord bar had great influence on the displacement of the truss and the stress of the chord bar，and the computation value coincided well with the experimental value which meant geometrical modeling and mesh-plotting were proper and feasible． It found that the maximum deflection and maximum bearing capacity of the truss appeared in the third stage，which met the requirements in the process of section construction．
The full-scale test of the truss with rotary dish-type fastener was carried out． Based on the test numerical model of the truss with rotary dish-type fastener，the three dimension finite element model was established and the finite element analysis was carried on by finite element software． It indicated that the truss had higher strength，the stress and displacement of the truss present symmetric，the connecting gap of the chord bar had great influence on the displacement of the truss and the stress of the chord bar，and the computation value coincided well with the experimental value which meant geometrical modeling and mesh-plotting were proper and feasible． It found that the maximum deflection and maximum bearing capacity of the truss appeared in the third stage，which met the requirements in the process of section construction．
2015, 45(7): 138-141.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507028
Abstract:
Due to the advantage of high strength and light weight，prestressed concrete structure has been widely used in large-span civilian and military constructions． The control of prestressing construction is the key to ensure the safety of the structure． Therefore，an accurate and stable monitoring is an important measure for ensuring its construction quality． In the meanwhile，the long-term health monitoring for the working state of the structure is also needed． The technology of fiber bragg grating ( FBG) has been proved effectively for the monitoring the tension of prestressed structures． In this paper，FBG was applied to the monitoring of prestressing tension during the construction of a large theater． The result showed that FBG technology could completely record the change in strain during the construction and the data was stable and reliable． Furthermore，which provided a sensing platform for longterm health monitoring of a structure．
Due to the advantage of high strength and light weight，prestressed concrete structure has been widely used in large-span civilian and military constructions． The control of prestressing construction is the key to ensure the safety of the structure． Therefore，an accurate and stable monitoring is an important measure for ensuring its construction quality． In the meanwhile，the long-term health monitoring for the working state of the structure is also needed． The technology of fiber bragg grating ( FBG) has been proved effectively for the monitoring the tension of prestressed structures． In this paper，FBG was applied to the monitoring of prestressing tension during the construction of a large theater． The result showed that FBG technology could completely record the change in strain during the construction and the data was stable and reliable． Furthermore，which provided a sensing platform for longterm health monitoring of a structure．
2015, 45(7): 142-147.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507029
Abstract:
Based on equivalent three-strip model and nonlinear static analysis procedure，the static pushover analysis of the three-span steel frame-steel plate shear walls was made by using SAP 2000． Under lateral loads，the loaddisplacement curve，storey drift，plastic development and the internal shear force distribution of the said structure were analyzed． The seismic behavior of the steel shear wall systems with rigid connection and semi-rigid connection was researched． The results indicate that the steel shear wall bears approximately 50% floor shear when the structure is in the elastic stage，and the shear wall bears 70% ～ 80% floor shear when the structure is in the elastic-plastic state． The steel plate shear wall first yields，and then the plastic hinges appear at steel beam end，finally some plastic hinges form at a few steel column end． So the steel shear wall systems have multiple seismic-proof line，showing excellent seismic behavior．
Based on equivalent three-strip model and nonlinear static analysis procedure，the static pushover analysis of the three-span steel frame-steel plate shear walls was made by using SAP 2000． Under lateral loads，the loaddisplacement curve，storey drift，plastic development and the internal shear force distribution of the said structure were analyzed． The seismic behavior of the steel shear wall systems with rigid connection and semi-rigid connection was researched． The results indicate that the steel shear wall bears approximately 50% floor shear when the structure is in the elastic stage，and the shear wall bears 70% ～ 80% floor shear when the structure is in the elastic-plastic state． The steel plate shear wall first yields，and then the plastic hinges appear at steel beam end，finally some plastic hinges form at a few steel column end． So the steel shear wall systems have multiple seismic-proof line，showing excellent seismic behavior．
2015, 45(7): 148-152.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507030
Abstract:
A total of seven concrete-filled double skin steel tubular( CFDST) members and one concrete-filled steel tubular( CFST) member were tested under compression and torsion． The outer steel tube of CFDST and CFST members was square hollow section ( SHS) ，and the inner steel tube of CFDST members was circular hollow section ( CHS) ． The test results showed that all the specimens exhibited good ductility． The sandwiched concrete was not broken，and approximate 45 diagonal cracks appeared． When the axial compression ratio was small( such as n 0. 3) ，torsional capacity of the test specimen increased as the axial compression ratio increased． When the axial compression ratio was large ( such as n ＞ 0. 3 ) ，torsional capacity of the test specimens decreased as the axial compression ratio increased． Torque versus angle curves of the test specimens calculated by the finite element method agreed well with experimental ones．
A total of seven concrete-filled double skin steel tubular( CFDST) members and one concrete-filled steel tubular( CFST) member were tested under compression and torsion． The outer steel tube of CFDST and CFST members was square hollow section ( SHS) ，and the inner steel tube of CFDST members was circular hollow section ( CHS) ． The test results showed that all the specimens exhibited good ductility． The sandwiched concrete was not broken，and approximate 45 diagonal cracks appeared． When the axial compression ratio was small( such as n 0. 3) ，torsional capacity of the test specimen increased as the axial compression ratio increased． When the axial compression ratio was large ( such as n ＞ 0. 3 ) ，torsional capacity of the test specimens decreased as the axial compression ratio increased． Torque versus angle curves of the test specimens calculated by the finite element method agreed well with experimental ones．
2015, 45(7): 153-158.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507031
Abstract:
Based on the OpenSEES software，the expressions of the constraints between the parameters of beam and column under the desired failure mode of SＲC frame structure ( beam hinge failure mechanism) were set up． The optimal objective of the parametric model was realized by a program ANSYS and the genetic algorithm was chosen to optimize the multi-objective optimization model of the minimum cost and ideal failure mode． The specific process of optimization would be given through an engineering example，meanwhile the comparison and analysis of optimization results with original scheme would be made on economic benefits． At last，the effect of weighting coefficient and genetic algorithm parameter settings on the optimization result of optimal model was discussed．
Based on the OpenSEES software，the expressions of the constraints between the parameters of beam and column under the desired failure mode of SＲC frame structure ( beam hinge failure mechanism) were set up． The optimal objective of the parametric model was realized by a program ANSYS and the genetic algorithm was chosen to optimize the multi-objective optimization model of the minimum cost and ideal failure mode． The specific process of optimization would be given through an engineering example，meanwhile the comparison and analysis of optimization results with original scheme would be made on economic benefits． At last，the effect of weighting coefficient and genetic algorithm parameter settings on the optimization result of optimal model was discussed．
2015, 45(7): 159-163.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507032
Abstract:
Six steel reinforced concrete ( SRC) short columns with stud connectors after high temperatures under cyclic reversed loading and six comparative specimens under monotony loading were tested to study their failure pattern，load-slip characteristics and shear force transmission capacity． Test results showed that the typical failure mode of SRC specimens with stud connectors under cyclic reversed loading was concrete split failure，which was basically the same to those under monotony loading． Bond stiffness and shear transmission capacity of specimens decreased with the increase of the maximum temperature or the duration of the maximum temperature． Specimens with stud connectors on the flanges had better bond stiffness and shear transmission capacity than those with stud connectors on the webs． Compared with specimens under monotony loading，the specimens under cyclic reversed loading had lower shear force transmission capacity．
Six steel reinforced concrete ( SRC) short columns with stud connectors after high temperatures under cyclic reversed loading and six comparative specimens under monotony loading were tested to study their failure pattern，load-slip characteristics and shear force transmission capacity． Test results showed that the typical failure mode of SRC specimens with stud connectors under cyclic reversed loading was concrete split failure，which was basically the same to those under monotony loading． Bond stiffness and shear transmission capacity of specimens decreased with the increase of the maximum temperature or the duration of the maximum temperature． Specimens with stud connectors on the flanges had better bond stiffness and shear transmission capacity than those with stud connectors on the webs． Compared with specimens under monotony loading，the specimens under cyclic reversed loading had lower shear force transmission capacity．
2015, 45(7): 164-169.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507033
Abstract:
In order to study the wind and shear resistance of container house siding，two kinds of tests were carried out． For the wind resistance test，the wind load under 300 km/h was converted into a free fall impact action in accordance with the principle of energy equivalence． Results indicated that the wind resistance gradually weakened as the size of specimen increased． To study the shear resistance，the contrast tests were carried out for steel frames specimens with welded corrugated plate and the ones of same size without welded corrugated plate under horizontal load． The results showed that the in-plane bending rigidity and bearing capacity of the specimens would be improved when welded corrugated sheets were used． If the size of the specimen was beyond a certain value，the shear resistance would decrease as the increase in their size．
In order to study the wind and shear resistance of container house siding，two kinds of tests were carried out． For the wind resistance test，the wind load under 300 km/h was converted into a free fall impact action in accordance with the principle of energy equivalence． Results indicated that the wind resistance gradually weakened as the size of specimen increased． To study the shear resistance，the contrast tests were carried out for steel frames specimens with welded corrugated plate and the ones of same size without welded corrugated plate under horizontal load． The results showed that the in-plane bending rigidity and bearing capacity of the specimens would be improved when welded corrugated sheets were used． If the size of the specimen was beyond a certain value，the shear resistance would decrease as the increase in their size．
2015, 45(7): 170-175.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507034
Abstract:
The experimental research was carried out on the mechanical performance of welded aluminum alloy beamcolumn connections strengthened with CFRP． The paper also discussed the feasibility of this strengthening method． The experiments consist of a set of welded group and four sets of strengthened groups specimens． The failure mode， joint stiffness and ultimate bearing capacity of the specimens of different strengthening mode were investigated by comparison． And the effectiveness of different strengthening configurations was analyzed． Bonded CFRP was considered as an effective method to improve the bearing capacity of the welded aluminum alloy beam-column connections． Effective anchoring method，thicker CFRP on the tensile flange would improve the bearing capacity．
The experimental research was carried out on the mechanical performance of welded aluminum alloy beamcolumn connections strengthened with CFRP． The paper also discussed the feasibility of this strengthening method． The experiments consist of a set of welded group and four sets of strengthened groups specimens． The failure mode， joint stiffness and ultimate bearing capacity of the specimens of different strengthening mode were investigated by comparison． And the effectiveness of different strengthening configurations was analyzed． Bonded CFRP was considered as an effective method to improve the bearing capacity of the welded aluminum alloy beam-column connections． Effective anchoring method，thicker CFRP on the tensile flange would improve the bearing capacity．
2015, 45(7): 176-180.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507035
Abstract:
For continued construction of the existing steel structure，it is necessary to transform and reinforce the built parts thus，making up the loss of the original structural properties． Load reinforcement technology was used to reinforce steel columns of the original structure，the intermittent mode was used to weld steel columns，reduce the damage on the original loading structure，and reduce the amount of welding，save construction investment． Through laboratory scaled tests of loaded steel columns under different reinforcement welding forms， the measured data of the carrying capacity of reinforced steel columns under different reinforcement welding forms were got． Combined with digital simulation and laboratory test data，the raising ratio of the carrying capacity of the reinforced steel columns after reinforcing the original structure was determined． The effect of reinforcing and welding process on the loaded steel columns was also studied． Digital simulation analysis techniques were used to analyze the stress distribution， deformation and recovery of steel beams and braces after the completion of welding in the welding temperature field． Through the analysis of on-site structure monitoring data after reinforcement，the overall structural response after reinforcement was got and the safety after structural reinforcement was ensured．
For continued construction of the existing steel structure，it is necessary to transform and reinforce the built parts thus，making up the loss of the original structural properties． Load reinforcement technology was used to reinforce steel columns of the original structure，the intermittent mode was used to weld steel columns，reduce the damage on the original loading structure，and reduce the amount of welding，save construction investment． Through laboratory scaled tests of loaded steel columns under different reinforcement welding forms， the measured data of the carrying capacity of reinforced steel columns under different reinforcement welding forms were got． Combined with digital simulation and laboratory test data，the raising ratio of the carrying capacity of the reinforced steel columns after reinforcing the original structure was determined． The effect of reinforcing and welding process on the loaded steel columns was also studied． Digital simulation analysis techniques were used to analyze the stress distribution， deformation and recovery of steel beams and braces after the completion of welding in the welding temperature field． Through the analysis of on-site structure monitoring data after reinforcement，the overall structural response after reinforcement was got and the safety after structural reinforcement was ensured．
2015, 45(7): 181-184.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507036
Abstract:
An overall instability occurred in a makeshift aluminum alloy truss roof． Through site reconnaissance and combined with the design drawings，the property of the aluminum alloy material and the structure bearing capacity were analyzed． The mechanical properties of aluminum alloy differ from those of steel． Based on the current basic methods for design of aluminum alloy structures at home and abroad，in light of the main，secondary causes of this accident，the aluminum alloy welding and the adverse influence on the structure under wind load were analyzed．
An overall instability occurred in a makeshift aluminum alloy truss roof． Through site reconnaissance and combined with the design drawings，the property of the aluminum alloy material and the structure bearing capacity were analyzed． The mechanical properties of aluminum alloy differ from those of steel． Based on the current basic methods for design of aluminum alloy structures at home and abroad，in light of the main，secondary causes of this accident，the aluminum alloy welding and the adverse influence on the structure under wind load were analyzed．
2015, 45(7): 185-188.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201507037
Abstract:
Based on the relocation project of Xun County People's Hospital of Henan Province，according to the constructing scale and the standard of a hospital，how to control the constructing cost and lower the operating costs of the hospital by appropriate technique were discussed．
Based on the relocation project of Xun County People's Hospital of Henan Province，according to the constructing scale and the standard of a hospital，how to control the constructing cost and lower the operating costs of the hospital by appropriate technique were discussed．
