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2014 Vol. 44, No. 02
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2014, 44(02): 1-4.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402001
Abstract:
Industrial and mining heritages are the concept of conbining the industrial heritage with geological heritage，which is not a new concept nowadays． With the exhaustion of the mining resources， the upgrading and transformation of the mining industry，more and more mining legacies have been abandoned，hence the concept of the industrial and mining heritages gradually moves into public view． In order to build up a new protection system for industrial heritages， this article utilized the theory of adaptive reuse and started from the angle of architecture，six principles of the industrial and mining heritages protection were put forward: static and dynamic combination of principle， style and feature maintenance principle， function-update principle，diverse technology principle， old and new identification principle， step-by-step implementation principle． Besides， six ways of protection were proposed: in-situ update protection，migrationprotection，embeddedprotection，enclosureprotection，ruinedprotection and factor protection．
Industrial and mining heritages are the concept of conbining the industrial heritage with geological heritage，which is not a new concept nowadays． With the exhaustion of the mining resources， the upgrading and transformation of the mining industry，more and more mining legacies have been abandoned，hence the concept of the industrial and mining heritages gradually moves into public view． In order to build up a new protection system for industrial heritages， this article utilized the theory of adaptive reuse and started from the angle of architecture，six principles of the industrial and mining heritages protection were put forward: static and dynamic combination of principle， style and feature maintenance principle， function-update principle，diverse technology principle， old and new identification principle， step-by-step implementation principle． Besides， six ways of protection were proposed: in-situ update protection，migrationprotection，embeddedprotection，enclosureprotection，ruinedprotection and factor protection．
2014, 44(02): 5-7.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402002
Abstract:
In pace with the arrival of the digital era，the digital technology has brought a revolution in the protection and the reuse of industrial heritage，and which has never appeared． Through introducing the concept and developed experience of industrial heritage，and investigating the advantages of digital technology，finally，the strategies of the protection and reuse of industrial heritage based on the digital technology were summarized by combining with the excellent instance of reuse．
In pace with the arrival of the digital era，the digital technology has brought a revolution in the protection and the reuse of industrial heritage，and which has never appeared． Through introducing the concept and developed experience of industrial heritage，and investigating the advantages of digital technology，finally，the strategies of the protection and reuse of industrial heritage based on the digital technology were summarized by combining with the excellent instance of reuse．
2014, 44(02): 8-12.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402003
Abstract:
A sub-iten research on industrial heritage was done according to The implementation planning of riverside area in Wuchang． Based on the present situation investigation，the general thinking of industrial heritage protection and utilization in riverside area in Wuchang was determined． Taking the protection as the premise and culture as guidance，through function replacement landscape remarking and the construction of characteristic culture district by taking industrial memory inheritance as the core，the regional general renovation was realized． It was focused on the landscape intending design of Simeitang characteristic culture district and the reform practice of several industrial architecture heritages，and then was raised the relevant thinkings of present industrial heritage reuse practice and urban planning and management．
A sub-iten research on industrial heritage was done according to The implementation planning of riverside area in Wuchang． Based on the present situation investigation，the general thinking of industrial heritage protection and utilization in riverside area in Wuchang was determined． Taking the protection as the premise and culture as guidance，through function replacement landscape remarking and the construction of characteristic culture district by taking industrial memory inheritance as the core，the regional general renovation was realized． It was focused on the landscape intending design of Simeitang characteristic culture district and the reform practice of several industrial architecture heritages，and then was raised the relevant thinkings of present industrial heritage reuse practice and urban planning and management．
2014, 44(02): 13-16.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402004
Abstract:
Nowadays，the renovation and reuse of the old industrial buildings in Qingdao have become an important part of the construction and development of Qingdao，based on the situation of the old industrial buildings in Qingdao， it was analysed the renovation and reuse by combining with some living examples in Qingdao． It was also explored the mode of renovating and reusing the old industrial buildings in Qingdao order to achieve a more healthy and stable development of these old industrial buildings
Nowadays，the renovation and reuse of the old industrial buildings in Qingdao have become an important part of the construction and development of Qingdao，based on the situation of the old industrial buildings in Qingdao， it was analysed the renovation and reuse by combining with some living examples in Qingdao． It was also explored the mode of renovating and reusing the old industrial buildings in Qingdao order to achieve a more healthy and stable development of these old industrial buildings
2014, 44(02): 17-20.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402005
Abstract:
Industrial heritages or problems in modern city construction have been the focus of concern and controversy，Tianjin as an important port city of China in modern times，the previous light and heavy industrial production activities in the city left numbers of traces． There is no longer the traditional industry vitality in these industry bases，how to locate them is worth notice． Great errors were made in the demolitions of the buildings in the city，but also a lot of experience was accumulated． Through careful investigation，it was recognized that the idle space in the old city should be reused，and also the cultural context should be considered in the demolition and reconstruction，After all in decision-making，mistakes were mode， in a short moment theTianjin ancient fossil old Chengxiangwas lost． To achieve sustainable city construction，the continuity of development of things，equilibrium and the public should be respected． Based on the transformation ofTractor factory of Nankai District in Tianjinfor example，it is explored and find economy，balance and sustainability in the development of industrial building heritages．
Industrial heritages or problems in modern city construction have been the focus of concern and controversy，Tianjin as an important port city of China in modern times，the previous light and heavy industrial production activities in the city left numbers of traces． There is no longer the traditional industry vitality in these industry bases，how to locate them is worth notice． Great errors were made in the demolitions of the buildings in the city，but also a lot of experience was accumulated． Through careful investigation，it was recognized that the idle space in the old city should be reused，and also the cultural context should be considered in the demolition and reconstruction，After all in decision-making，mistakes were mode， in a short moment theTianjin ancient fossil old Chengxiangwas lost． To achieve sustainable city construction，the continuity of development of things，equilibrium and the public should be respected． Based on the transformation ofTractor factory of Nankai District in Tianjinfor example，it is explored and find economy，balance and sustainability in the development of industrial building heritages．
2014, 44(02): 21-25.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402006
Abstract:
With renovation of Qingdao Sifang locomotive plant as a case study，this thesis explored how to protect and reutilize the general industrial heritage in the consumption culture context and proposed an updating model emphasized reutilization and geared to citizenslife as well as communitiesdevelopment．
With renovation of Qingdao Sifang locomotive plant as a case study，this thesis explored how to protect and reutilize the general industrial heritage in the consumption culture context and proposed an updating model emphasized reutilization and geared to citizenslife as well as communitiesdevelopment．
2014, 44(02): 26-30.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402007
Abstract:
Based on analyzing the characteristic value of Xian industry heritages，taking Shaanxi Heavy Machinery Factory for example，this article focused on the evaluation old industry remainscommonly value and local characteristic value，it was proposed the strategies and measures of planning and designing for renewing old factories．
Based on analyzing the characteristic value of Xian industry heritages，taking Shaanxi Heavy Machinery Factory for example，this article focused on the evaluation old industry remainscommonly value and local characteristic value，it was proposed the strategies and measures of planning and designing for renewing old factories．
2014, 44(02): 31-36.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402008
Abstract:
By renovation project of Dahua cotton mill in Xian，the thesis preliminarily explores the means and methods to plan the landscape of renovated old industrial zone． The landscape planning of old industrial zone mainly starts from the perspective of inheriting industrial context and embodying industrial culture which makes much of the sites original appearance and history． Afterwards，the original industrial landscape symbols and elements are extracted with modern design skills，from the simple protection rising to the expression of site spirit，a model of brand new landscape function and spatial order is realized，which gives the old industrial zone a new life．
By renovation project of Dahua cotton mill in Xian，the thesis preliminarily explores the means and methods to plan the landscape of renovated old industrial zone． The landscape planning of old industrial zone mainly starts from the perspective of inheriting industrial context and embodying industrial culture which makes much of the sites original appearance and history． Afterwards，the original industrial landscape symbols and elements are extracted with modern design skills，from the simple protection rising to the expression of site spirit，a model of brand new landscape function and spatial order is realized，which gives the old industrial zone a new life．
2014, 44(02): 37-39.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402009
Abstract:
The research on industrial heritage reuse has been one of the important parts of urban history preservation and cultural tourism． Taking Iec Long Fireworks Factory in Macao as a case study，this paper presented its historic background，present challenges and future development． Based on investigations and analysis，integrated strategies were proposed from the perspective of cultural tourism to preserve and revitalize the old factory ruins and their landscape settings．
The research on industrial heritage reuse has been one of the important parts of urban history preservation and cultural tourism． Taking Iec Long Fireworks Factory in Macao as a case study，this paper presented its historic background，present challenges and future development． Based on investigations and analysis，integrated strategies were proposed from the perspective of cultural tourism to preserve and revitalize the old factory ruins and their landscape settings．
2014, 44(02): 40-44.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402010
Abstract:
Beijing has become an international big city with the Metropolitan，Chinese and foreign tourists to travel to Beijing，especially those who love fashion and the art of painting will come 798 factory tours travel． Industrial buildings of historical value such as 798 industrial plant and factory． It has become Beijing＇s Industrial Heritage List． How to combine the excitation function of implantation and vitality of the metropolitan industrial heritage neighborhoods new construction，it is a important proposition． In this paper by the Beijing 798Regions Urban Design and dimensional farm competitions，some evaluation and prediction were given．
Beijing has become an international big city with the Metropolitan，Chinese and foreign tourists to travel to Beijing，especially those who love fashion and the art of painting will come 798 factory tours travel． Industrial buildings of historical value such as 798 industrial plant and factory． It has become Beijing＇s Industrial Heritage List． How to combine the excitation function of implantation and vitality of the metropolitan industrial heritage neighborhoods new construction，it is a important proposition． In this paper by the Beijing 798Regions Urban Design and dimensional farm competitions，some evaluation and prediction were given．
2014, 44(02): 45-49.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402011
Abstract:
In order to study the response characteristics of ancient timber buildings on the high pedestal under random earthquake excitations，the finite element models of Xian drum-tower which included the high pedestal，the upper timber structure and the overall structure were established． The reasonable earthquake vibration model was selected， and the analysis on response of drum-tower under random earthquake excitations was carried out by the absolute displacement solution based on pseudo excitation method and the harmonic response analysis of ANSYS program． The displacement and acceleration response power spectral density of the nodes of column were obtained． The results show that the peak values of the displacement and acceleration response power spectral density of structure occur at its basic frequency value． The high pedestal changes the magnitude and regularity of distribution of the displacement and acceleration response power spectral density of the structure，and also makes the peak values of the displacement and acceleration response power spectral density increase． Therefore，the high pedestal is unfavorable for the seismic performance of the overall structure and its unfavorable influence must be taken into account in structural analysis．
In order to study the response characteristics of ancient timber buildings on the high pedestal under random earthquake excitations，the finite element models of Xian drum-tower which included the high pedestal，the upper timber structure and the overall structure were established． The reasonable earthquake vibration model was selected， and the analysis on response of drum-tower under random earthquake excitations was carried out by the absolute displacement solution based on pseudo excitation method and the harmonic response analysis of ANSYS program． The displacement and acceleration response power spectral density of the nodes of column were obtained． The results show that the peak values of the displacement and acceleration response power spectral density of structure occur at its basic frequency value． The high pedestal changes the magnitude and regularity of distribution of the displacement and acceleration response power spectral density of the structure，and also makes the peak values of the displacement and acceleration response power spectral density increase． Therefore，the high pedestal is unfavorable for the seismic performance of the overall structure and its unfavorable influence must be taken into account in structural analysis．
2014, 44(02): 50-54.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402012
Abstract:
An experimental study consisting was conducted to evaluate the shear bearing capacity of hairpin slab joints used in new-type precast concrete floor diaphragm． Crack and failure mode，load-displacement relationship curves， energy dissipation capacity of the test specimens was evaluated． And the test results reviewed that the hysteretic curves of hairpin connection was full，which showed good energy dissipation and seismic performance． The in-plane shear bearing capacity of the hairpin slab joint which consisted of couple arranged hairpin mechanic connectors in both side of the slab can be predicted in superposition method based on stud-and-tie mode theory．
An experimental study consisting was conducted to evaluate the shear bearing capacity of hairpin slab joints used in new-type precast concrete floor diaphragm． Crack and failure mode，load-displacement relationship curves， energy dissipation capacity of the test specimens was evaluated． And the test results reviewed that the hysteretic curves of hairpin connection was full，which showed good energy dissipation and seismic performance． The in-plane shear bearing capacity of the hairpin slab joint which consisted of couple arranged hairpin mechanic connectors in both side of the slab can be predicted in superposition method based on stud-and-tie mode theory．
2014, 44(02): 55-58.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402013
Abstract:
Due to the architecture function restriction，it is difficult some large scale public buildings to use the traditional strengthening methods，hence only partia stories could be equiped with dampers when using energydissipation method． This paper concentrates on a shaking table test of a moment frame structure public building model． This structure only installed the viscous dampers can be installed only on weak layers． This paper compared the seismic response and dynamic character of the model with and without damper． The test result shows that installing the viscous damper on weak layer is effective in controlling and decreasing seismic response．
Due to the architecture function restriction，it is difficult some large scale public buildings to use the traditional strengthening methods，hence only partia stories could be equiped with dampers when using energydissipation method． This paper concentrates on a shaking table test of a moment frame structure public building model． This structure only installed the viscous dampers can be installed only on weak layers． This paper compared the seismic response and dynamic character of the model with and without damper． The test result shows that installing the viscous damper on weak layer is effective in controlling and decreasing seismic response．
2014, 44(02): 59-63.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402014
Abstract:
Using the high-strength fiberglass and paulownia wood，through advanced vacuum infusion molding process，a cost-effective new composite sandwich column was prepared． Taking the resin infusion fiberglass as face， and the paulownia wood as the core， the texture of paulownia wood parallels to the direction of axial pressure for providing large axial compressive strength． The study results show that a failure of axial strength occurs in the composite sandwich column under axial pressure． The ultimate bearing capacity of the composite sandwich column under axial pressure is related to the thickness of the face and the core，which is raised with the increase of the thickness of the face and core． A formula of ultimate bearing capacity of the composite sandwich column was deduced． Through large-scale finite element software ANSYS，FE simulation of the column was carried out，and the theoretical，the analysis result tallied with test result．
Using the high-strength fiberglass and paulownia wood，through advanced vacuum infusion molding process，a cost-effective new composite sandwich column was prepared． Taking the resin infusion fiberglass as face， and the paulownia wood as the core， the texture of paulownia wood parallels to the direction of axial pressure for providing large axial compressive strength． The study results show that a failure of axial strength occurs in the composite sandwich column under axial pressure． The ultimate bearing capacity of the composite sandwich column under axial pressure is related to the thickness of the face and the core，which is raised with the increase of the thickness of the face and core． A formula of ultimate bearing capacity of the composite sandwich column was deduced． Through large-scale finite element software ANSYS，FE simulation of the column was carried out，and the theoretical，the analysis result tallied with test result．
2014, 44(02): 64-68.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402015
Abstract:
In the present paper，effect of construction joints on the seismic performance of shear wall structure was studied． Taking the shear wall structure whose construction joints were set by three common ways as the research object，which was compared with the shear wall structure without construction joints． The FEM software ANSYS was used to establish finite element models． The hysteretic behavior，ductility，rigidity degeneration and some other seismic performance of the four models were compared． The results show that the presence of construction joints could reduce the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of shear wall structure，which has little effect on the rigidity degeneration． The seismic performance of shear wall structure was reduced． At last，the best way of setting construction joints should be found out from the study．
In the present paper，effect of construction joints on the seismic performance of shear wall structure was studied． Taking the shear wall structure whose construction joints were set by three common ways as the research object，which was compared with the shear wall structure without construction joints． The FEM software ANSYS was used to establish finite element models． The hysteretic behavior，ductility，rigidity degeneration and some other seismic performance of the four models were compared． The results show that the presence of construction joints could reduce the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of shear wall structure，which has little effect on the rigidity degeneration． The seismic performance of shear wall structure was reduced． At last，the best way of setting construction joints should be found out from the study．
2014, 44(02): 69-71.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402016
Abstract:
Depending on the analysis of the differential settlement issue in an airport built in west China，it was found that pot-cover effect was one of the most important causes of damages in built airport． Based on the mechanism of potcover effect，it was pointed out that even in arid area with low underground water level，pot-cover effect could also increase the water content of the soil beneath the nonporous cladding，which would lead to differential settlement， frost heaving or other disasters in such field． So，much attention should be paid to thaw geological phenomenon．
Depending on the analysis of the differential settlement issue in an airport built in west China，it was found that pot-cover effect was one of the most important causes of damages in built airport． Based on the mechanism of potcover effect，it was pointed out that even in arid area with low underground water level，pot-cover effect could also increase the water content of the soil beneath the nonporous cladding，which would lead to differential settlement， frost heaving or other disasters in such field． So，much attention should be paid to thaw geological phenomenon．
2014, 44(02): 72-76.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402017
Abstract:
The consolidation process of the conventional triaxial compression test is a three-dimensional compression under the action of spheric stress while seepage occurs only in the vertical direction，which has differences and some similarities with the process of Terzaghis one-dimensional consolidation． Therefore，Terzaghis one-dimensional consolidation theory cant be used directly to solve the problem． Based on the effective stress principle，Darcys law and the assumption of linear material，a water pressure dissipation theory equation was set up for consolidation stage of conventional triaxial compression test，and the corresponding power series solution derived from the method of separation of variables and the finite element solution were provided． The example analysis showed that the solution of power series had poor astringency in the early stage of consolidation but good stability when the degree of consolidation is slightly larger． A comparison of the calculation results of the theoretical equation with test results of the double pressure chamber effective stress path triaxial compression test indicated that the theoretical equation could reveal the main characteristics of the consolidation stage of triaxial test． Theoretical analysis showed that，the difference lay mainly in the objective existence that ideal assumption and real soil properties were not exactly uniform．
The consolidation process of the conventional triaxial compression test is a three-dimensional compression under the action of spheric stress while seepage occurs only in the vertical direction，which has differences and some similarities with the process of Terzaghis one-dimensional consolidation． Therefore，Terzaghis one-dimensional consolidation theory cant be used directly to solve the problem． Based on the effective stress principle，Darcys law and the assumption of linear material，a water pressure dissipation theory equation was set up for consolidation stage of conventional triaxial compression test，and the corresponding power series solution derived from the method of separation of variables and the finite element solution were provided． The example analysis showed that the solution of power series had poor astringency in the early stage of consolidation but good stability when the degree of consolidation is slightly larger． A comparison of the calculation results of the theoretical equation with test results of the double pressure chamber effective stress path triaxial compression test indicated that the theoretical equation could reveal the main characteristics of the consolidation stage of triaxial test． Theoretical analysis showed that，the difference lay mainly in the objective existence that ideal assumption and real soil properties were not exactly uniform．
2014, 44(02): 77-82.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402018
Abstract:
The compaction effect for open-ended pipe pile is different to that for closed-ended pile due to the plugging effect． There are notable engineering significance and academic value in its simulation computation． A train of spherical cavities were adopted to simulate the pile installation process，and the quantity of spherical cavities would be obtained based on the principle of equivalent volume． The displacement and stress fields arised from spherical cavity expansion in semi-infinite by using source-source and source-image methods． Meanwhile，the influences of friction fatigue effect and soil plugging effect were included in the simulation computation． It is proved that this method is feasible through comparing the calculations with the field test results.
The compaction effect for open-ended pipe pile is different to that for closed-ended pile due to the plugging effect． There are notable engineering significance and academic value in its simulation computation． A train of spherical cavities were adopted to simulate the pile installation process，and the quantity of spherical cavities would be obtained based on the principle of equivalent volume． The displacement and stress fields arised from spherical cavity expansion in semi-infinite by using source-source and source-image methods． Meanwhile，the influences of friction fatigue effect and soil plugging effect were included in the simulation computation． It is proved that this method is feasible through comparing the calculations with the field test results.
2014, 44(02): 83-88.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402019
Abstract:
A multistage reinforced earth composite retaining wall composed of L-type retaining wall and reinforced earth retaining wall was investigated in situ． The test results showed that the measured values of earth pressures and tensile strains in geogrid-reinforcement of the multistage reinforced earth composite retaining wall growed with the increasing of fill height，while the growth rates of those decreased; the vertical earth pressure of reinforced soil at the bottom of the L-type earth retaining wall was nonlinear distributing along the length of geogrid-reinforcement under construction，then obvious nonlinear distributing was observed on the above concrete-block reinforced earth retaining wall under construction，but the maximum values were close to the end of geogrid-reinforcement; tensile strains of geogrid-reinforcement of that were very small，and had only one peak; the vertical stresses at the bottom of the concrete-block reinforced earth retaining wall were first equivalencelinear and then non-linear along the geogridreinforcement length with the iucreasing of the fill height，and had two peaks; their change forms were the same，and the one of the inside bottom were first larger and then smaller than that of outboard; the lateral earth pressure on concrete-block wall was non-linear distributing along wall height，and the tensile strains of geogrid-reinforcement were non-linear distributing along the length of geogrid-reinforcement，but the measured values were lesser．
A multistage reinforced earth composite retaining wall composed of L-type retaining wall and reinforced earth retaining wall was investigated in situ． The test results showed that the measured values of earth pressures and tensile strains in geogrid-reinforcement of the multistage reinforced earth composite retaining wall growed with the increasing of fill height，while the growth rates of those decreased; the vertical earth pressure of reinforced soil at the bottom of the L-type earth retaining wall was nonlinear distributing along the length of geogrid-reinforcement under construction，then obvious nonlinear distributing was observed on the above concrete-block reinforced earth retaining wall under construction，but the maximum values were close to the end of geogrid-reinforcement; tensile strains of geogrid-reinforcement of that were very small，and had only one peak; the vertical stresses at the bottom of the concrete-block reinforced earth retaining wall were first equivalencelinear and then non-linear along the geogridreinforcement length with the iucreasing of the fill height，and had two peaks; their change forms were the same，and the one of the inside bottom were first larger and then smaller than that of outboard; the lateral earth pressure on concrete-block wall was non-linear distributing along wall height，and the tensile strains of geogrid-reinforcement were non-linear distributing along the length of geogrid-reinforcement，but the measured values were lesser．
2014, 44(02): 89-93.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402020
Abstract:
Lime，cement，fly ash，and weathered sand were used to improve the same kind of expansive soil． After mixed with different proportion，indoor experimental test was done． Through which it could be seen that those four kinds of materials could improve the shear strength of the expansive soil． The cohesive force and internal friction angle of the mixed cement expansive soil could be greatly improved． Followed by mixing lime could also significantly increase the shear strength of expansive soil indexes． After incorporating weathered sand and fly ash，the expansive soil cohesive force would be declined． With the increasing of dosage，internal friction angle was first gradually increased，then decreased slow down． The four kinds of materials could effectively improve the expansion properties of the expansive soil． From the effect of the influence of load swelling ratio，mixing lime had the best effect to curb inflation，followed by cement，the next was followed by fly ash and weathered sand．
Lime，cement，fly ash，and weathered sand were used to improve the same kind of expansive soil． After mixed with different proportion，indoor experimental test was done． Through which it could be seen that those four kinds of materials could improve the shear strength of the expansive soil． The cohesive force and internal friction angle of the mixed cement expansive soil could be greatly improved． Followed by mixing lime could also significantly increase the shear strength of expansive soil indexes． After incorporating weathered sand and fly ash，the expansive soil cohesive force would be declined． With the increasing of dosage，internal friction angle was first gradually increased，then decreased slow down． The four kinds of materials could effectively improve the expansion properties of the expansive soil． From the effect of the influence of load swelling ratio，mixing lime had the best effect to curb inflation，followed by cement，the next was followed by fly ash and weathered sand．
2014, 44(02): 94-97.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402021
Abstract:
Anti-floating micropile has the virtue of strong strata adaptability，flexible layout，economical construction， quick hole forming，environmental protection and machinery miniaturization． Based on the static load test of eight anti-floating micropiles，the vertical pull-out bearing properties of anti-floating micropile in Qingdao weathered rock site have been studied． The test results show that the Q － s curves of the testing piles are of slow change type， ultimate uplift capacity of pile length with 4. 2 ～ 5. 1 m are 1 700 kN under the ultimate load，which can meet the design demands; the unit average ultimate side friction of single pile is 0. 307 ～ 0. 425 MPa under the ultimate load; with other conditions being unchanged，the unit average ultimate side friction of anti-floating micropile reduces with the increase in pile diameter．
Anti-floating micropile has the virtue of strong strata adaptability，flexible layout，economical construction， quick hole forming，environmental protection and machinery miniaturization． Based on the static load test of eight anti-floating micropiles，the vertical pull-out bearing properties of anti-floating micropile in Qingdao weathered rock site have been studied． The test results show that the Q － s curves of the testing piles are of slow change type， ultimate uplift capacity of pile length with 4. 2 ～ 5. 1 m are 1 700 kN under the ultimate load，which can meet the design demands; the unit average ultimate side friction of single pile is 0. 307 ～ 0. 425 MPa under the ultimate load; with other conditions being unchanged，the unit average ultimate side friction of anti-floating micropile reduces with the increase in pile diameter．
2014, 44(02): 98-102.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402022
Abstract:
The spontaneous combustion ( active) and non-spontaneous combustion ( inactive) two kinds of coal gangues were selected as fine aggregate to study the effect on the mechanical properties of its cement-based materials under the types of coal gangue，activity，dosage and other factors，and its mechanical properties development trend were discovered，which can provide a basis for the application of the coal gangue as aggregate．Results of the trial indicate that active coal gangue as fine aggregate had taken place the secondary hydrated reaction to a certain degree in the early hydration，hydrated reaction can promoted its early strength; inactive coal gangue-cement-based materials strength decreases with the increase in water-cement ratio，however active coal gangue exists a reasonable range． High temperature curing can promote its early hydration and its compressive strength，but at 28 d curing its compressive strength has the negative effects of high temperature with low dosage coal gangue，and an opposite effect on its flexural strength．
The spontaneous combustion ( active) and non-spontaneous combustion ( inactive) two kinds of coal gangues were selected as fine aggregate to study the effect on the mechanical properties of its cement-based materials under the types of coal gangue，activity，dosage and other factors，and its mechanical properties development trend were discovered，which can provide a basis for the application of the coal gangue as aggregate．Results of the trial indicate that active coal gangue as fine aggregate had taken place the secondary hydrated reaction to a certain degree in the early hydration，hydrated reaction can promoted its early strength; inactive coal gangue-cement-based materials strength decreases with the increase in water-cement ratio，however active coal gangue exists a reasonable range． High temperature curing can promote its early hydration and its compressive strength，but at 28 d curing its compressive strength has the negative effects of high temperature with low dosage coal gangue，and an opposite effect on its flexural strength．
2014, 44(02): 103-107.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402023
Abstract:
Experiment on the performance of ceramsite lightweight aggregate concrete ( LWAC) after elevated temperature was conducted and six temperature levels，room temperature，200 ℃，350 ℃，500 ℃，650 ℃ and 800 ℃were selected to heat the LWAC test blocks． The appearance features of color，crack development and changes on quality were observed after elevated temperature，and the micro-characteristics were analyzed by utilizing the scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) ． The experiment results indicate that，the variation of compressive and tensile strengths of LWAC with the elevated temperature are smoother and slower than those of normal concrete ( NC) ． The residual compressive and tensile strength ratios are obviously larger than those of NC． It provides basic experimental study on the fire resistance of LWAC． If the spalling problem could be well solved at high temperature，the ceramsite LWAC will have potentially better fire resistance than that of NC．
Experiment on the performance of ceramsite lightweight aggregate concrete ( LWAC) after elevated temperature was conducted and six temperature levels，room temperature，200 ℃，350 ℃，500 ℃，650 ℃ and 800 ℃were selected to heat the LWAC test blocks． The appearance features of color，crack development and changes on quality were observed after elevated temperature，and the micro-characteristics were analyzed by utilizing the scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) ． The experiment results indicate that，the variation of compressive and tensile strengths of LWAC with the elevated temperature are smoother and slower than those of normal concrete ( NC) ． The residual compressive and tensile strength ratios are obviously larger than those of NC． It provides basic experimental study on the fire resistance of LWAC． If the spalling problem could be well solved at high temperature，the ceramsite LWAC will have potentially better fire resistance than that of NC．
2014, 44(02): 108-112.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402024
Abstract:
Taking a three-span prestressed concrete continuous box girder bridge as a research object，a structural health monitoring system for prestressed concrete girder bridges was designed． The monitoring objects，content and design principles of monitoring system was expounded， and the placement of sensors was optimally designed． Based on weigh-in-motion technology，a new monitoring method for the safety of bridge operation were proposed． Using girder bridge dynamic analysis function module of self-developed bridge dynamic analysis software BDANS， the structural dynamic characteristics of girder bridge under random traffic flow was analyzed． The grading prewarning management system of overload vehicles and bridge bearing capacity conditions were respectively established． The real-time monitoring system can monitor bridge continuously，and evaluate bridge safety operation conditions．
Taking a three-span prestressed concrete continuous box girder bridge as a research object，a structural health monitoring system for prestressed concrete girder bridges was designed． The monitoring objects，content and design principles of monitoring system was expounded， and the placement of sensors was optimally designed． Based on weigh-in-motion technology，a new monitoring method for the safety of bridge operation were proposed． Using girder bridge dynamic analysis function module of self-developed bridge dynamic analysis software BDANS， the structural dynamic characteristics of girder bridge under random traffic flow was analyzed． The grading prewarning management system of overload vehicles and bridge bearing capacity conditions were respectively established． The real-time monitoring system can monitor bridge continuously，and evaluate bridge safety operation conditions．
2014, 44(02): 113-117.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402025
Abstract:
A new-type of light-weight wall，in which polystyrene foam plates are placed inside the cold-formed thinwall steel frame and light thermal insulation material is sprayed outside the frame of the wall，was presented． Through the full-scale tests of one cold-formed thin-wall steel stud without sheathing and two new-type of cold-formed thin-wall steel framing wall studs under axial loading，the failure process，the bearing capacity and the failure mode were analyzed． The calculated value determined by the code and experimental data of this test were compared． The results show that the failure mode of the cold-formed thin-wall steel stud without sheathing is global buckling and that of the new-type of wall stud is local compressed yielding on the top of the stud． The bearing capacity of the new-type of wall stud is greatly increased owing to the support of thermal insulation material． The calculated values of the ultimate bearing capacity by the formula of calculating about strength and stability of axial compressive members in the code agree well with the experimental ultimate bearing loadings．
A new-type of light-weight wall，in which polystyrene foam plates are placed inside the cold-formed thinwall steel frame and light thermal insulation material is sprayed outside the frame of the wall，was presented． Through the full-scale tests of one cold-formed thin-wall steel stud without sheathing and two new-type of cold-formed thin-wall steel framing wall studs under axial loading，the failure process，the bearing capacity and the failure mode were analyzed． The calculated value determined by the code and experimental data of this test were compared． The results show that the failure mode of the cold-formed thin-wall steel stud without sheathing is global buckling and that of the new-type of wall stud is local compressed yielding on the top of the stud． The bearing capacity of the new-type of wall stud is greatly increased owing to the support of thermal insulation material． The calculated values of the ultimate bearing capacity by the formula of calculating about strength and stability of axial compressive members in the code agree well with the experimental ultimate bearing loadings．
2014, 44(02): 118-122.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402026
Abstract:
Four channel steel reinforced concrete beams and 1 reinforced concrete beam are tested to study the mechanical behaviors of channel steel reinforced concrete beam ( CSRCB) under pure torque． The failure process and modes of the specimens are observed，the effects of concrete strength，stirrup form and lace bar form etc on the torsional bearing capacity of the specimens are discussed． It is shown that the steel ratio has no significant effect on the cracking torque of the section，but the channel steel can improve the torsional capacity，stiffness and ductility of the beam obviously． The calculating formula for cracking torsional torque and ultimate torsional capacity of the CSＲCB member are also proposed．
Four channel steel reinforced concrete beams and 1 reinforced concrete beam are tested to study the mechanical behaviors of channel steel reinforced concrete beam ( CSRCB) under pure torque． The failure process and modes of the specimens are observed，the effects of concrete strength，stirrup form and lace bar form etc on the torsional bearing capacity of the specimens are discussed． It is shown that the steel ratio has no significant effect on the cracking torque of the section，but the channel steel can improve the torsional capacity，stiffness and ductility of the beam obviously． The calculating formula for cracking torsional torque and ultimate torsional capacity of the CSＲCB member are also proposed．
2014, 44(02): 123-129.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402027
Abstract:
Fiber element method is an efficient method for structural integrity analysis． There are some calculation methods for fiber element model of solid concrete-filled steel tubes ( CFST) ，but rare for hollow CFST． This paper provides a unified fiber element model for CFST columns which is applicable for all solid，hollow，circular and polygon members，based on a unified formula of bearing capacity for CFST． The proposed model is intended to be used as a numerical approach for integrity analysis of CFST structures． The hysteretic constitutive model of confined concrete and some key parameters are also presented with considering effects of shapes of the sections and hollow ratio． The suitability of the material-based fiber element model is verified by comparing the results of axial load tests of long and short columns with different section shapes，to those of pushover tests and cyclic tests．
Fiber element method is an efficient method for structural integrity analysis． There are some calculation methods for fiber element model of solid concrete-filled steel tubes ( CFST) ，but rare for hollow CFST． This paper provides a unified fiber element model for CFST columns which is applicable for all solid，hollow，circular and polygon members，based on a unified formula of bearing capacity for CFST． The proposed model is intended to be used as a numerical approach for integrity analysis of CFST structures． The hysteretic constitutive model of confined concrete and some key parameters are also presented with considering effects of shapes of the sections and hollow ratio． The suitability of the material-based fiber element model is verified by comparing the results of axial load tests of long and short columns with different section shapes，to those of pushover tests and cyclic tests．
2014, 44(02): 130-136.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402028
Abstract:
A container building is a type of typical off-site construction building that is remodeled from containers used for shipping and cargo transportation，which features industrialization and fast construction． Container buildings are different from common buildings． Software for container buildings design does not exist． FE software is not convenient for container building design． A corrugated panel of containers was regarded as steel plate shear wall． Initial stiffness and yielding capacity of the corrugated panel were calculated by FE analysis． Under equivalent principle of stiffness and loading capacity，the corrugated panel was simplified into a crossed brace． Then by employing common structural design software，a container building was designed．
A container building is a type of typical off-site construction building that is remodeled from containers used for shipping and cargo transportation，which features industrialization and fast construction． Container buildings are different from common buildings． Software for container buildings design does not exist． FE software is not convenient for container building design． A corrugated panel of containers was regarded as steel plate shear wall． Initial stiffness and yielding capacity of the corrugated panel were calculated by FE analysis． Under equivalent principle of stiffness and loading capacity，the corrugated panel was simplified into a crossed brace． Then by employing common structural design software，a container building was designed．
2014, 44(02): 137-141.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402029
Abstract:
In order to consider the spatial effect and influence of joints，three-dimensional space models were created by using ABAQUS program． The bearing capacity，stress distribution and deformation of connection plates thickness were analyzed for the K-type and KT-type tubular truss joints，and the mechanical performances after reducing connection plate thickness was examined． It was clearly that the joints had no obvious phenomena under design load， the members and connection plates were in the elastic state． The parts of connection plate were in plastic state after the thicknesses of the connection plates was reduced，but the yield region was smaller and not connected，the overall stability of the tubular joint was good． Which show that the optimized thickness of the connection plate can meet the requirements of engineering design，which is safe and economic．
In order to consider the spatial effect and influence of joints，three-dimensional space models were created by using ABAQUS program． The bearing capacity，stress distribution and deformation of connection plates thickness were analyzed for the K-type and KT-type tubular truss joints，and the mechanical performances after reducing connection plate thickness was examined． It was clearly that the joints had no obvious phenomena under design load， the members and connection plates were in the elastic state． The parts of connection plate were in plastic state after the thicknesses of the connection plates was reduced，but the yield region was smaller and not connected，the overall stability of the tubular joint was good． Which show that the optimized thickness of the connection plate can meet the requirements of engineering design，which is safe and economic．
2014, 44(02): 142-146.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402030
Abstract:
This paper is focused on the test results of steel beams available in the international literature and their numerical analyses of the inelastic lateral torsional instability． It was found: 1) The stability factors for welded beams were smaller than those of the rolled beams; 2) the discreteness of the test results for welded beams was larger than that of the rolled beams; 3) early test results were mainly on rolled beams，and the results were higher than more recent tests，this was because some early tests were specifically conducted to check the tangent modulus approach to inelastic buckling of initially straight beams using specially prepared specimens; later the relevant test results were decreased due to the development of dual-non-linear analysis and means; 4) the unfavorable effect of initial out-ofplane deflection was great and could not be equivalently treated by residual stresses; 5) beams with higher height-towidth ratios of the cross section had smaller stability factors; 6) loading types had a non-negligible effect on the stability factors; 7) at point of normalized slenderness ratio being equal to 1. 0; the lower limit of the stability factors was 0. 6 and 0. 5 for rolled and welded beams respectively．
This paper is focused on the test results of steel beams available in the international literature and their numerical analyses of the inelastic lateral torsional instability． It was found: 1) The stability factors for welded beams were smaller than those of the rolled beams; 2) the discreteness of the test results for welded beams was larger than that of the rolled beams; 3) early test results were mainly on rolled beams，and the results were higher than more recent tests，this was because some early tests were specifically conducted to check the tangent modulus approach to inelastic buckling of initially straight beams using specially prepared specimens; later the relevant test results were decreased due to the development of dual-non-linear analysis and means; 4) the unfavorable effect of initial out-ofplane deflection was great and could not be equivalently treated by residual stresses; 5) beams with higher height-towidth ratios of the cross section had smaller stability factors; 6) loading types had a non-negligible effect on the stability factors; 7) at point of normalized slenderness ratio being equal to 1. 0; the lower limit of the stability factors was 0. 6 and 0. 5 for rolled and welded beams respectively．
2014, 44(02): 147-150.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402031
Abstract:
The technology of steel structure strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates is an effective technique with a bright future． Prestress loss in the stage of tension and usage is an important problem in this technique． Based on the analysis and summary for the existing tension device and construction technology，using current analysis method of concrete structure strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates，separately calculate the prestress loss of CFRP plates used to strengthen steel structure and present the calculation method of every prestress loss． A set of independently developed tension and anchoring device was used to test 3 steel beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates． The experimental results show that: The proposed method is feasible，and the estimated value for prestress loss of steel structure strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates is suggested to be 15% tension control stress based on test．
The technology of steel structure strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates is an effective technique with a bright future． Prestress loss in the stage of tension and usage is an important problem in this technique． Based on the analysis and summary for the existing tension device and construction technology，using current analysis method of concrete structure strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates，separately calculate the prestress loss of CFRP plates used to strengthen steel structure and present the calculation method of every prestress loss． A set of independently developed tension and anchoring device was used to test 3 steel beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates． The experimental results show that: The proposed method is feasible，and the estimated value for prestress loss of steel structure strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates is suggested to be 15% tension control stress based on test．
2014, 44(02): 151-154.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402032
Abstract:
By using the self-developed CFRP-PCPs， the mounted reinforcement was conducted onRC beams． A correction formula of deflection was deduced base on current Chinese codes，the calculated value is in good agreement with the experimental value． The experimental results show that compared with the mounted reinforcement of concrete beams by prestressed CFRP tendons，the embedded reinforcement of concrete beams by CFRP-PCPs not only effectively improves the structure of the force performance and deformation capacity，but also solves the problems of complex construction process of post-tensioned anchoring device，high costs，etc．
By using the self-developed CFRP-PCPs， the mounted reinforcement was conducted onRC beams． A correction formula of deflection was deduced base on current Chinese codes，the calculated value is in good agreement with the experimental value． The experimental results show that compared with the mounted reinforcement of concrete beams by prestressed CFRP tendons，the embedded reinforcement of concrete beams by CFRP-PCPs not only effectively improves the structure of the force performance and deformation capacity，but also solves the problems of complex construction process of post-tensioned anchoring device，high costs，etc．
2014, 44(02): 155-160.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402033
Abstract:
Shopping center of arts and culture of Yanchuan County was on fire for four hours． According to some testing specifications and corresponding profession，it was accurately analyzed the damages of the structures after fire， distortion of the components，damage condition of joints，damage thickness of the components surface，the strength of damaged concrete and damaged reinforcement were measured in field，the residual bearing capacity of structure was calculated，the rating level and strengthening scheme of the structures after fire were given at last which can eliminate dangerous situation of the fired structures．
Shopping center of arts and culture of Yanchuan County was on fire for four hours． According to some testing specifications and corresponding profession，it was accurately analyzed the damages of the structures after fire， distortion of the components，damage condition of joints，damage thickness of the components surface，the strength of damaged concrete and damaged reinforcement were measured in field，the residual bearing capacity of structure was calculated，the rating level and strengthening scheme of the structures after fire were given at last which can eliminate dangerous situation of the fired structures．
2014, 44(02): 161-165.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402034
Abstract:
Dutch architect Herman Hertzberger is one of the representative personages of structuralism architecture． The conept of using the deep unconscious structure in structural anthropology into architecture design，which stood for by Aldo Van Egck was succeeded． Furthermore，Hertzberger proposes a new theory of space design called Polyvalencewhich applied to his design works．
Dutch architect Herman Hertzberger is one of the representative personages of structuralism architecture． The conept of using the deep unconscious structure in structural anthropology into architecture design，which stood for by Aldo Van Egck was succeeded． Furthermore，Hertzberger proposes a new theory of space design called Polyvalencewhich applied to his design works．
2014, 44(02): 166-170.
doi: 10.13204/j.gyjz201402035
Abstract:
In the context of conserving and continuing the urban unique characters，the architectural design for new or renewing buildings in Urban Conservation Areas of Qingdao must be started from the concerning of urban history， urban feature，and the specific situations of the located area and surroundings． Based on the analyze and research on the experience of several practical projects designed by himself，the author suggested that the new or renewed buildings should be coordinated to its located urban conservation area，which means not only the duplication and imitation，but also the echoing to existed surrounding buildings in the factors of building body mass，scale， dimension，style，materials，and details，as well as the expression of the features of new buildings．
In the context of conserving and continuing the urban unique characters，the architectural design for new or renewing buildings in Urban Conservation Areas of Qingdao must be started from the concerning of urban history， urban feature，and the specific situations of the located area and surroundings． Based on the analyze and research on the experience of several practical projects designed by himself，the author suggested that the new or renewed buildings should be coordinated to its located urban conservation area，which means not only the duplication and imitation，but also the echoing to existed surrounding buildings in the factors of building body mass，scale， dimension，style，materials，and details，as well as the expression of the features of new buildings．
