Abstract: Through the vertical axial load test of 5 full-scale prefabricated walls integrating thermal insulation and load-bearing, research on the influences of opening, height-to-thickness ratios and loading methods on failure modes, bearing capacity, crack development and other compression performances of the walls under axial compression was performed and the cooperative mechanical performances of aerated concrete blocks with autoclaved sand and concrete frames were analyzed. The research indicated that under concentrated loads, concrete rib columns partly occured in compression failure, and the concrete rib columns, concrete rib beams and blocks in walls were of better cooperative mechanical performances; under uniform loads, within the teet height-to-thickness ratio ranges, the lateral displacement of the walls was less than 6 mm, no instability failure occured. As the height-to-thickness ratios of the walls increased, the bearing capacity decreased and the opening could change the failure mode of the walls; the aerated concrete blocks with autoclaved sand and the concrete frames were mutually constrained to form a force-bearing whole, and the ribs bore the main loads; the calculation formula for the axial compressive bearing capacity of the prefabricated walls integrating thermal insulation and load-bearing was given, and its calculation results were in accordance with the experimental values.