Abstract: Modern bamboo structure is a new kind of structural system，receiving more and more attentions in today's move towards sustainable construction． Comparing with conventional systems，such as steel and concrete structures， the modern bamboo structural system is based on the natural bamboo as raw materials． Similar to but even better than timber materials，bamboo is a carbon negative material． Modern bamboo structure is essentially a bamboo fiber-based composite material，adopting similar forms as modern wooden structures which are widely used in industrialized countries． A systematic research work was done by domestic and overseas researchers in modern bamboo structures， through which the modern bamboo structure system was gradually shaping． This paper analyzed the development of the system，and summarized the research progress，and finally，some application demonstrations of modern bamboo structures in prefabricated movable house，light bamboo house and large-space frame system etc were described． Clearly，it is shown that modern bamboo structure system will have bright prospects in near future and at least is an alternative choice for consideration of sustainability．